Table 1.
Characteristics of studies on smartphone-based self-assessed stress in healthy adult individuals included for systematic review (Studies: N=35).
| Author |
Publication year | Publication type | Study design | Study location | Study duration (days) | Number of participants, context of assessment | Method for self-assessment of stress | Times per day stress measured | Smartphone operating system |
| Adams et al [24] | 2010 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 10 | 7, daily life | Taylor 5-item measure | Multiple | Android |
| Atz [25] | 2013 | Journal article | Case report | United Kingdom | 56 | 1, daily life | 7-point Likert scale | Multiple | iOS |
| Ayzenberg et al [26] | 2012 | Conference paper | Case report | United States | 8.3 | 1, daily life | 7-point Likert scale | N/A | N/A |
| Bandiera et al [27] | 2016 | Journal article | Interventional | United States | 14 | 139, smoking cessation | 5-point Likert scale | 5 | Android |
| Berndt et al [28] | 2011 | Conference paper | Cohort | Germany | 1 | 50, daily life | 0-100 scale | Multiple | N/A |
| Bogomolov et al [29] | 2014 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 190 | 117, daily life | 7-point scale | 1 | Android |
| Carroll et al [30] | 2013 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 4 | 12, emotional eating | Russel Circumplex model | Multiple | Windows |
| Ceja et al [31] | 2015 | Journal article | Cohort | Italy | 40 | 30, workplace stress | 5-point scale | 3 | Android |
| Ciman et al [32] | 2015 | Conference paper | Cross-sectional | Switzerland | 0.04 (1 hour) | 13, laboratory | 5-point Likert scale | N/A | Android |
| Ferdous et al [33] | 2015 | Conference paper | Cohort | Italy | 42 | 28, workplace stress | 5-point scale | 3 | Android |
| Gaggioli et al [34] | 2011 | Journal article | Cohort | Italy | 7 | 6, daily life | 10-point Likert scale | Multiple | Windows |
| Gomes et al [35] | 2012 | Conference paper | Cohort | Portugal | 191 | 5, workplace stress | Questionnaire | N/A | Android |
| Huang et al [36] | 2015 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 28 | 14, daily life | N/Aa | N/A | Android |
| Huh et al [37] | 2014 | Journal article | Cohort | United States | 7 | 26, smoking behavior | Perceived stress | 5 | Android |
| Jin et al [38] | 2012 | Conference paper | Cohort | Hong Kong | 2 | 30, workplace stress | N/A | Multiple | Android |
| Kennedy et al [39] | 2011 | Journal article | Interventional | United Kingdom | 33 | 198, vitamin intake | VASb | 2 | Other |
| Lachmann et al [40] | 2016 | Journal article | Interventional | Sweden | 14 | 33, interprofessional learning | 7-point Likert scale | 5 | N/A |
| Madan et al [41] | 2010 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 73 | 70, epidemiology | Yes or no | 1 | Windows |
| Muaremi et al [42] | 2013 | Journal article | Cohort | Switzerland | 112 | 35, workplace stress | Continuous response value | 5 | iOS |
| Muukkonen et al [43] | 2008 | Conference paper | Cohort | Finland | 14 | 55, studying | Yes or no | 5 | Symbian |
| Muukkonen et al [44] | 2007 | Conference paper | Cohort | Finland | 14 | 8, studying | Yes or no | 5 | Symbian |
| Ottaviani et al [45] | 2015 | Journal article | Cohort | Italy | 1 | 42, daily life | Yes or no | Multiple | Android |
| Parkka et al [46] | 2009 | Journal article | Interventional | Finland | 56 | 17, workplace stress | Sliding scale | 1 | Symbian |
| Pipingas et al [47] | 2013 | Journal article | Interventional | Australia | 112 | 38, vitamin intake | VAS | 0.14 (once a week) | N/A |
| Reitzel et al [48] | 2014 | Journal article | Interventional | United States | 13 | 22, smoking cessation | 5-point Likert scale | 5 | Android |
| Sano et al [49] | 2015 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 30 | 66, daily life | Calmness | 2 | Android |
| Sano and Picard [50] | 2013 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 5 | 18, daily life | 0-100 scale | 2 | Android |
| Sarker et al [51] | 2014 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 7 | 30, daily life | 6-point scale | Multiple | N/A |
| Vhaduri et al [52] | 2014 | Journal article | Cohort | United States | 7 | 30, driving | 6-point Likert scale | Multiple | Android |
| Wang et al [53] | 2014 | Conference paper | Cohort | United States | 70 | 48, daily life | Taylor 5-item measure | Multiple | Android |
| Weppner et al [54] | 2013 | Conference paper | Cohort | Germany | 84 | 9, daily life | 10-point Likert scale | 10 | Android |
| Witiewitz et al [55] | 2012 | Journal article | Cohort | United States | 21 | 86, concurrent drinking and smoking | 5-point Likert scale | 3 | N/A |
| Wray et al [56] | 2015 | Journal article | Cohort | United States | 14 | 76, smoking behavior | 5-point Likert scale | 4 | iOS |
| Zenk et al [57] | 2014 | Journal article | Cohort | United States | 7 | 100, snack-food intake | Yes or no | 5 | Android |
| Zenonos et al [58] | 2016 | Conference paper | Cohort | United Kingdom | 11 | 4, workplace stress | 0-100 scale | Multiple | Android |
aN/A: not available.
bVAS: visual analog scale.