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. 2017 Feb 13;19(2):e36. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5806

Table 2.

Estimated marginal mean (EMM) changes from baseline to 16 and 32 weeks.a

Outcomes Intervention group, EMM (95% CI)b Control group, EMM (95% CI)c Difference between groups, EMM (95% CI) P
HbA1c (%)




16 weeks –0.9 (–1.1, –0.6) –0.5 (–0.8, –0.2) –0.4 (–0.7, –0.1) .01

32 weeks –0.8 (–1.1, –0.6) –0.3 (–0.6, 0.0) –0.5 (–0.8, –0.2) .002
Weight (kg)




16 weeks –8.5 (–11.9, –5.2) –3.9 (–8.0, 0.2) –4.6 (–8.8, –0.4) .03

32 weeks –12.7 (–16.1, –9.2) –3.0 (–7.3, 1.3) –9.6 (–14.0, –5.3) <.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)




16 weeks –35.5 (–65.7, –5.2) –17.4 (–55.2, 20.4) –18.1 (–56.1, 19.9) .35

32 weeks –60.1 (–91.3, –28.9) –6.2 (–46.0, 33.6) –53.9 (–93.6, –14.2) .01
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)




16 weeks 1.4 (–2.7, 5.6) –0.3 (–5.3, 4.8) 1.7 (–3.4, 6.8) .52

32 weeks 4.8 (0.5, 9.1) 0.6 (–4.7, 5.9) 4.1 (–1.2, 9.5) .13
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)




16 weeks –0.8 (–10.9, 9.4) 1.5 (–11.7, 14.7) –2.2 (–15.3, 10.8) .74

32 weeks –0.3 (–10.8, 10.3) –6.1 (–19.9, 7.7) 5.9 (–7.8, 19.5) .40
Diabetes-related distress




16 weeks –0.5 (–0.8, –0.1) –0.3 (–0.7, 0.1) –0.1 (–0.6, 0.3) .49

32 weeks –0.4 (–0.8, 0.0) –0.4 (–0.8, 0.0) 0.0 (–0.5, 0.5) .98
CES-Depression




16 weeks –3.7 (–7.8, 0.5) 0.8 (–3.7, 5.4) –4.5 (–9.3, 0.4) .07

32 weeks –0.6 (–5.0, 3.7) –1.0 (–6.0, 4.0) –0.4 (–4.8, 5.6) .88
CESD Positive Affect




16 weeks 8.4 (–5.3, 22.2) –4.4 (–19.1, 10.3) 12.9 (–2.9, 28.7) .11

32 weeks 0.5 (–13.6, 14.8) 7.2 (–9.0, 23.4) –6.6 (–23.5, 10.3) .45
DES Negative Affect




16 weeks –0.7 (1.5, 0.1) –0.1 (–0.9, 0.8) –0.6 (–1.5, 0.3) .19

32 weeks –0.4 (–1.2, 0.4) –0.7 (–1.6, 0.2) 0.3 (0.5, –0.6) .49
DES Positive Affect




16 weeks 0.5 (–0.3, 1.4) –0.2 (–1.1, 0.7) 0.7 (–0.3, 1.7) .15

32 weeks 0.4 (–0.5, 1.2) 0.3 (–0.7, 1.2) 0.1 (–0.9, 1.1) .82
Vitality (SF-36 subscale)




16 weeks 13.3 (2.5, 24.02) 2.3 (–9.4, 13.9) 11.0 (–1.4, 23.4) .08

32 weeks 9.2 (–1.9, 20.4) 11.0 (–1.8, 23.8) –1.8 (–15.1, 11.6) .80
Total kilocalories




16 weeks –362.9 (–634.7, –91.1) –300.8 (–594.3, –7.4) –62.1 (–376.0, 251.7) .65

32 weeks –439.3 (–719.4, –159.3) –216.6 (–559.2, 125.9) –222.7 (–569.9, 124.5) .13
Total grams of nonfiber carbohydrates




16 weeks –123.2 (–167.2, –79.2) –27.03 (–75.4, 21.3) –19.2 (–147.4, –44.9) <.001

32 weeks –122.7 (–167.9, –77.5) –14.8 (–71.0, 41.5) –107.9 (–164.6, –51.3) <.001
Total grams of fat




16 weeks –7.8 (–36.3, 20.7) –18.7 (–48.8, 11.4) 10.9 (–21.7, 43.4). .42

32 weeks –4.0 (–33.2, 25.3) –23.7 (–58.5, 11.1) 19.8 (–15.9, 55.5) .13
Total grams of protein




16 weeks –0.5 (–14.0, 13.0) –0.2 (–15.3, 14.9) –0.3 (–16.2, 15.6) .97

32 weeks –1.6 (–15.5, 12.3) –0.1 (–17.7, 17.6) –1.5 (–19.2, 16.1) .86
Total grams of sugar




16 weeks –37.2 (–53.8, –20.5) –4.4 (–22.9, 14.1) –32.7 (–52.3, –13.2) <.001

32 weeks –32.5 (–49.7, –15.4) –0.3 (–21.9, 21.3) –32.2 (–53.9, –10.6) <.001

a Data are estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals by linear mixed-effects model analysis.

b Total analyzed in intervention group: n=12 for week 16 and n=11 for week 32.

c Total analyzed in control group: n=9 for week 16 and n=8 for week 32.