Table 1.
Maternal characteristics according to severity of NVP as defined by PUQE
| PUQEa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Mild | Moderate | Severe | p-valueb | |
| N = 712 n (%) | N = 62 n (%) | N = 439 n (%) | N = 210 n (%) | ||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 previous live births | 382 (53.7) | 38 (61.3) | 241 (54.9) | 103 (49.0) | 0.185 |
| ≥ 1 previous live births | 327 (45.9) | 24 (38.7) | 197 (44.9) | 106 (50.5) | |
| Age, years | |||||
| Under 25 | 145 (20.4) | 11 (17.7) | 87 (19.8) | 46 (21.9) | 0.443 |
| 25–29 | 273 (38.3) | 27 (43.5) | 157 (35.8) | 89 (42.4) | |
| 30–39 | 281 (39.5) | 23 (37.1) | 187 (42.6) | 71 (33.8) | |
| Over 40 | 13 (1.8) | 1 (1.6) | 8 (1.8) | 4 (1.9) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) c | |||||
| Underweight | 33 (4.6) | 2 (3.2) | 23 (5.2) | 8 (3.8) | 0.615 |
| Normal weight | 421 (59.1) | 44 (71.0) | 253 (57.6) | 124 (59.0) | |
| Overweight | 139 (19.5) | 10 (16.1) | 86 (19.6) | 42 (20.0) | |
| Obese | 118 (16.6) | 6 (9.7) | 76 (17.3) | 36 (17.1) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| No | 684 (96.1) | 61 (98.4) | 422 (96.1) | 200 (95.2) | 0.557 |
| Yes | 27 (3.8) | 1 (1.6) | 16 (3.6) | 10 (4.8) | |
| Use of folic acid | |||||
| Before and/or during pregnancy | 673 (94.8) | 57 (91.9) | 419 (95.7) | 197 (93.8) | 0.270 |
| No | 37 (5.2) | 5 (8.1) | 19 (4.3) | 13 (6.2) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabitating | 661 (92.8) | 55 (88.7) | 408 (92.9) | 197 (93.8) | 0.363 |
| Not married/cohabiting | 51 (7.2) | 7 (11.3) | 31 (7.1) | 13 (6.2) | |
| Education d | |||||
| Primary or secondary | 219 (30.8) | 16 (25.8) | 127 (28.9) | 76 (36.2) | 0.230 |
| Bachelor degree | 292 (41.0) | 25 (40.3) | 183 (41.7) | 84 (40.0) | |
| Master degree | 170 (23.9) | 20 (32.3) | 110 (25.1) | 40 (19.0) | |
| Other | 30 (4.2) | 1 (1.6) | 19 (4.3) | 10 (4.8) | |
| Work situation | |||||
| Student | 57 (8.0) | 6 (9.7) | 35 (8.0) | 16 (7.6) | 0.458 |
| Employed | 570 (80.1) | 51 (82.3) | 351 (80.0) | 168 (80.0) | |
| Unemployed | 53 (7.4) | 1 (1.6) | 32 (7.3) | 19 (9.0) | |
| Other | 32 (4.5) | 4 (6.5) | 21 (4.8) | 7 (3.3) | |
Abbreviations: PUQE, 24 h Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis; NVP, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
Numbers do not always add up due to missing numbers
aAs classified by PUQE: mild: ≤6 points; moderate: 7–12 points; severe ≥13
bChi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when expected count was less than 5. Adjusted for all other variables in the table
cBody mass index (BMI) is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres
underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, obese ≥30 kg/m2. Pre-pregnancy BMI is given
dPrimary: ≤10 years of education (the Norwegian compulsory primary + secondary school)
secondary: 11-13 years (high school/upper secondary or vocational school)