Table 4.
Regression analyses for the association between severity of NVP and global quality of life controlling for demographic variables, and comorbidity. (N = 447)
| Univariate models | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) | p-value | Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) | p-value | Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Severity of NVP | ||||||
| Mild | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Moderate | –7.8 (–13.3,–2.4) | 0.005 | –6.7 (–12.0,–1.4) | 0.014 | –5.9 (–11.2,–0.5) | 0.032 |
| Severe | –13.1 (–19.1,–7.0) | <0.001 | –11.7 (–17.6,–5.7) | <0.001 | –10.9 (–16.9,–4.9) | <0.001 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 previous live births | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| ≥ 1 previous live births | –4.7 (–7.9,–1.4) | 0.005 | –6.6 (–10.0,–3.1) | <0.001 | –6.7 (–10.2,–3.2) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 0.3 (–0.1, 0.6) | 0.100 | 0.2 (–0.2, 0.6) | 0.299 | 0.2 (–0.2, 0.6) | 0.320 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) a | ||||||
| Underweight | –4.1 | 0.2 | –2.4 (–10.5, 5.8) | 0.565 | –1.7 (–9.9, 6.4) | 0.677 |
| Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Overweight | –2.7 | 0.1 | –3.6 (–7.8, 0.5) | 0.087 | –4.0 (–8.2, 0.1) | 0.056 |
| Obese | –3.7 | 0.045 | –5.6 (–10.1,–1.1) | 0.014 | –5.5 (–9.9,–1.0) | 0.016 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 2.2 (–6.4, 10.7) | 0.617 | 6.0 (–2.5, 14.4) | 0.166 | 5.9 (–2.5, 14.3) | 0.168 |
| Use of folic acid | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes, before and/or during pregnancy | 1.8 (–5.5, 9.0) | 0.634 | –1.4 (–8.4, 5.6) | 0.696 | –1.1 (–8.1, 5.9) | 0.762 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/cohabitating | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Not married/cohabiting | –6.0 (–11.9,–0.1) | 0.046 | –6.8 (–12.6,–1.0) | 0.021 | –6.9 (–12.7,–1.1) | 0.019 |
| Education b | ||||||
| Primary or secondary | –8.5 (–12.9,–4.1) | <0.001 | –6.1 (–11.0,–1.2) | 0.014 | –6.1 (–11.0,–1.2) | 0.015 |
| Bachelor degree | –6.4 (–10.5,–2.3) | 0.002 | –5.1 (–9.2,–1.0) | 0.015 | –5.0 (–9.1,–0.8) | 0.018 |
| Master degree | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Other | –14.2 (–22.3,–6.1) | 0.001 | –13.0 (–21.2,–4.8) | 0.002 | –12.8 (–21.0,–4.6) | 0.002 |
| Work situation | ||||||
| Student | –4.1 (–10.3, 2.1) | 0.198 | –2.6 (–8.8, 3.6) | 0.407 | –3.3 (–9.5, 2.9) | 0.290 |
| Employed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Unemployed | –3.3 (–10.2, 3.6) | 0.344 | 3.3 (–3.9, 10.5) | 0.366 | 4.2 (–3.0, 11.4) | 0.256 |
| Other | 0.9 (–6.7, 8.5) | 0.815 | 2.9 (–4.4, 10.3) | 0.436 | 4.4 (–3.0, 11.8) | 0.245 |
| Number of short term illnesses | ||||||
| ≤ 2 | Ref. | – | – | Ref. | ||
| 3–4 | –4.2 (–8.4, 0.1) | 0.056 | –3.2 (–7.3, 1.0) | 0.133 | ||
| ≥ 5 | –6.2 (–10.7,–1.8) | 0.007 | –5.5 (–9.9,–1.1) | 0.014 | ||
| Chronic disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | – | – | Ref. | ||
| Yes | –2.2 (–5.5, 1.1) | 0.184 | –2.2 (–5.4, 1.1) | 0.187 | ||
| Adjusted R square | 0.10 | 0.11 | ||||
Abbreviations: Ref = reference category. Models were estimated using generalized linear models with QOLS as dependent variable, identity link function and assuming a normal distribution of QOLS. Only women who were currently pregnant are included in the analyses. Bold p-values indicate significant differences between the groups
aBody mass index (BMI) is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres; underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, obese ≥30 kg/m2
underweight:
bPrimary: ≤10 years of education (the Norwegian compulsory primary + secondary school), secondary: 10–12 years (high school/upper secondary or vocational school)