Table 1.

Selected studies on gene–diet interactions on weight loss, maintenance, and related metabolic traits

Studies	Study design	Genetic factors	Major findings
Qi et al. [33]	N =738; 2-y diet intervention	Diabetes associated IRS1 rs2943641	IRS1 genetic variants modified effects of dietary carbohydrate on weight loss and insulin resistance
Erez et al. [39]	N =322; 2-y diet intervention	Obesity related LEP SNPs	LEP genotype was related to weight regain from 7 to 24 months
Mattei et al. [47▪]	N =591; 2-y diet intervention	Diabetes associated TCF7L2 SNP rs7903146	Dietary fat intake interacted with TCF7L2 genotype in relation to changes in BMI, total fat mass, and trunk fat mass
Zhang et al. [34▪]	N =742; 2-y diet intervention	Obesity related FTO SNP rs1558902	High-protein diet interacted with FTO genotype in relation to weight loss and improvement of body composition and fat distribution
Heni et al. [36]	N =304; 9-m diet intervention	Diabetes associated TCF7L2 SNP rs7903146	CC genotype was associated with greater weight loss in participants with high fiber intake, but not those with low fiber intake Heni, Herzberg-Schäfer
Zhang et al. [43▪]	N =734; 2-y diet intervention	Lipid metabolism related APOA5 SNP rs964184	Dietary fat interacted with APOA5 genotype in relation to 2-y changes in lipid profile
Zhang et al. [48▪]	N =723; 2-y diet intervention	Hypertension associated NPY SNP rs16147	NPY genotype modifies effects of dietary fat on 2-year changes of blood pressure
Larsen et al. [38]	N =742; 6-m diet intervention on weight loss maintenance	768 tagSNPs for nutrient-sensitive genes	Multiple interactions with GI or dietary protein on waist and fat mass regain
Qi et al. 2012 [13▪]	N =737; 2-y diet intervention	Diabetes related GIPR SNP rs2287019	Dietary carbohydrate modified GIPR genotype effects on changes in body weight, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance
Xu et al. [44▪▪]	N =734; 2-y diet intervention	BCAA associated PPM1K SNP rs1440581	Dietary fat significantly modified genetic effects on changes in weight, fasting insulin
Qi et al. 2013 [49]	N =738; 2-y diet intervention	Diabetes associated IRS1 SNP rs1522813	IRS1 genetic variants modified the effects of diets varying in fat content on the MetS status
Brahe et al. [46]	N =841 (baseline); 6-m diet intervention on weight loss maintenance	240 tagSNPs for candidate genes	LPIN1 SNP rs4315495 genotype interacted with dietary protein on change of TG concentration
McCaffery et al. [40]	N =3899; 4-y lifestyle intervention in diabetic patients	Obesity related SNPs	Variations in the FTO and BDNF loci were related to weight regain after weight loss
Pan et al. [35]	N =3819; 2-y intervention; lifestyle modification and metformin	Obesity related MC4R SNPs	rs17066866 was associated with less short-term (baseline to 6 months) and less long-term (baseline to 2 years) weight loss in the lifestyle intervention group, but not in placebo group
Kostis et al. [45]	N =722; 4-m intervention; diet and medication	21 SNPs related to hypertension, diabetes, or obesity	Multiple genotypes were related to change in blood pressures in response to diet intervention.

BCAA, branched chain amino acid; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GI, glycemic index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TG, triglyceride.