Table 4.

Response reversal tasks in antisocial youth and antisocial youth with psychopathic features

Study	Sample (Race)	Age range	Male (%)	Groups	Group classification	Control variables	Results
Antisocial Youth: Late Childhood
Daughtery and Quay (1991)	Community 66 % Hispanic; 8 % African American	8–12	50	10 CP 10 CP/ATT 9 ATT 9 ANX 14 NC	RBPC (T) (1 SD above mean)	Attention problems; Anxiety	CP = CP/ATT < ANX = NC: poorer response reversal
O’Brien et al. (1994)	Clinical/offender versus community 42 % African American	9–13	100	21 BD 22 HC	DBD scale (P/T) (DSM-III-R criteria) CBCL (P/T) (2 SD above mean)	ADHD; Anxiety	BD < HC: poorer response reversal ONLY AFTER accounting for anxiety symptoms
White et al. (1994)a	Community 54 % African American	10 & 13	100	71 non-delin. 314 delin. 25 stable delin.	SRA (C) SRD (C) (frequency/seriousness)		NS group differences Age 10, higher frequency of delinquency associated with poor response reversal
Fonseca and Yule (1995)	Clinical versus community Race unspecified	7–11	100	27 CD 26 HC	ICD-9 (DSM-III-R criteria) Rutter Questionnaire (T) (cutoff score)	Age; IQ	CD < HC: poorer response reversal
O’Brien and Frick (1996)	Clinical versus community 73 % Caucasian	6–13	100	9 CD/ODD 25 CD/ODD/ANX 18 ADHD 40 HC	DISC (C/P/T) (DSM-III-R criteria)	ADHD sx	CD/ODD < ALL: poorer response reversal
Matthys et al. (1998)	Clinical versus community Race unspecified	8–11	100	11 CD 10 CD/ADHD 31 HC	CBCL (P)		CD/ADHD < CD < HC: poorer response reversal
Matthys et al. (2004)	Clinical versus community Race unspecified	7–12	100	19 CD/ODD 20 HC	Measure unknown (DSM-IV criteria) CBCL (P) (continuous)		CD/ODD < HC: poorer response reversal CD/ODD < HC: RT after punishment CD/ODD = HC: RT after reward
Antisocial Youth: Adolescence
Fonseca and Yule (1995)	Offender versus community Race unspecified	11–15	100	44 Delin 20 HC	Official Record	Age; IQ	Delin < HC: poorer response reversal
Shapiro et al. (1988)	Clinical 29 % African American	7–18	75	9 HI CP 10 LO CP	RBPC (T) (T score ≥ 55)	Attention problems	HI CP < LO CP: poorer response reversal
Psychopathic Features: Late Childhood
O’Brien and Frick (1996)	Clinical versus community 73 % Caucasian	6–13	100	29 HI CU/LO ANX 37 HI CU/HI ANX 46 LO CU/LO ANX	PSD: CU (P/T) (1 SD above mean) DISC (P/T/C) (DSM-III-R criteria)	ADHD sx	HI CU/LO ANX < ALL: poorer response reversal
Psychopathic Features: Adolescence
Fisher and Blair (1998)	Clinical Race unspecified	11–15	100	8 HI PSY 9 LO PSY	PSD (T) (highest & lowest scorers)		HI PSY < LO PSY: poorer response reversal
		9–16	100	39 youth	PSD (T): CU & I/CP (continuous)	IQ	PSY associated with poorer response reversal
Frick et al. (2003)	Community 21 % minority	10–14	53	25 HI CD/HI CU 23 HI CD/LO CU 25 LO CD/HI CU 25 LO CD/LO CU	CSI; DISC (P/T) (DSM-IV symptoms) APSD: CU (P/T) (upper quartile/below mean)		HI CU < LO CU: poorer response reversal
Budhani and Blair (2005)	Clinical 7 % African American	9–17	100	19 HI PSY 22 LO PSY	APSD (≥ 25 vs. ≤ 15)	ADHD	HI PSY < LO PSY: poorer response reversal

Significant effects are listed in bold (p <.05)

CP conduct problems, ATT attention problems, ANX anxiety, HC normal control, BD behavior disorder, Delin delinquent, CD conduct disorder, ODD oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, HI high, LO low, PSY psychopathic features, RBPC Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, SD standard deviation, DBD disruptive behavior disorder, DSM-III-R Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-III-Revised, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, SRA Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior, SRD Self-Report of Delinquency, DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, KSADS Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, YRBS Youth Risk Behavior Survey, ICD-9 International Classification of Disease-9, DISC Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, PSD Psychopathy Screening Device, CSI Child Symptom Inventory, APSD Antisocial Personality Screening Device, P parent-report, T teacher-report, C child-report, sx symptoms, NS non-significant

^aLongitudinal study