Table 4.
Study | Sample (Race) | Age range | Male (%) | Groups | Group classification | Control variables | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antisocial Youth: Late Childhood | |||||||
Daughtery and Quay (1991) | Community 66 % Hispanic; 8 % African American |
8–12 | 50 | 10 CP 10 CP/ATT 9 ATT 9 ANX 14 NC |
RBPC (T) (1 SD above mean) | Attention problems; Anxiety | CP = CP/ATT < ANX = NC: poorer response reversal |
O’Brien et al. (1994) | Clinical/offender versus community 42 % African American |
9–13 | 100 | 21 BD 22 HC |
DBD scale (P/T) (DSM-III-R criteria) CBCL (P/T) (2 SD above mean) |
ADHD; Anxiety | BD < HC: poorer response reversal ONLY AFTER accounting for anxiety symptoms |
White et al. (1994)a | Community 54 % African American |
10 & 13 | 100 | 71 non-delin. 314 delin. 25 stable delin. |
SRA (C) SRD (C) (frequency/seriousness) |
NS group differences Age 10, higher frequency of delinquency associated with poor response reversal |
|
Fonseca and Yule (1995) | Clinical versus community Race unspecified |
7–11 | 100 | 27 CD 26 HC |
ICD-9 (DSM-III-R criteria) Rutter Questionnaire (T) (cutoff score) |
Age; IQ | CD < HC: poorer response reversal |
O’Brien and Frick (1996) | Clinical versus community 73 % Caucasian |
6–13 | 100 | 9 CD/ODD 25 CD/ODD/ANX 18 ADHD 40 HC |
DISC (C/P/T) (DSM-III-R criteria) | ADHD sx | CD/ODD < ALL: poorer response reversal |
Matthys et al. (1998) | Clinical versus community Race unspecified |
8–11 | 100 | 11 CD 10 CD/ADHD 31 HC |
CBCL (P) | CD/ADHD < CD < HC: poorer response reversal | |
Matthys et al. (2004) | Clinical versus community Race unspecified |
7–12 | 100 | 19 CD/ODD 20 HC |
Measure unknown (DSM-IV criteria) CBCL (P) (continuous) |
CD/ODD < HC: poorer response reversal CD/ODD < HC: RT after punishment CD/ODD = HC: RT after reward |
|
Antisocial Youth: Adolescence | |||||||
Fonseca and Yule (1995) | Offender versus community Race unspecified |
11–15 | 100 | 44 Delin 20 HC |
Official Record | Age; IQ | Delin < HC: poorer response reversal |
Shapiro et al. (1988) | Clinical 29 % African American |
7–18 | 75 | 9 HI CP 10 LO CP |
RBPC (T) (T score ≥ 55) | Attention problems | HI CP < LO CP: poorer response reversal |
Psychopathic Features: Late Childhood | |||||||
O’Brien and Frick (1996) | Clinical versus community 73 % Caucasian |
6–13 | 100 | 29 HI CU/LO ANX 37 HI CU/HI ANX 46 LO CU/LO ANX |
PSD: CU (P/T) (1 SD above mean) DISC (P/T/C) (DSM-III-R criteria) |
ADHD sx | HI CU/LO ANX < ALL: poorer response reversal |
Psychopathic Features: Adolescence | |||||||
Fisher and Blair (1998) | Clinical Race unspecified |
11–15 | 100 | 8 HI PSY 9 LO PSY |
PSD (T) (highest & lowest scorers) | HI PSY < LO PSY: poorer response reversal | |
9–16 | 100 | 39 youth | PSD (T): CU & I/CP (continuous) |
IQ | PSY associated with poorer response reversal | ||
Frick et al. (2003) | Community 21 % minority |
10–14 | 53 | 25 HI CD/HI CU 23 HI CD/LO CU 25 LO CD/HI CU 25 LO CD/LO CU |
CSI; DISC (P/T) (DSM-IV symptoms) APSD: CU (P/T) (upper quartile/below mean) |
HI CU < LO CU: poorer response reversal | |
Budhani and Blair (2005) | Clinical 7 % African American |
9–17 | 100 | 19 HI PSY 22 LO PSY |
APSD (≥ 25 vs. ≤ 15) | ADHD | HI PSY < LO PSY: poorer response reversal |
Significant effects are listed in bold (p <.05)
CP conduct problems, ATT attention problems, ANX anxiety, HC normal control, BD behavior disorder, Delin delinquent, CD conduct disorder, ODD oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, HI high, LO low, PSY psychopathic features, RBPC Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, SD standard deviation, DBD disruptive behavior disorder, DSM-III-R Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-III-Revised, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, SRA Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior, SRD Self-Report of Delinquency, DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, KSADS Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, YRBS Youth Risk Behavior Survey, ICD-9 International Classification of Disease-9, DISC Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, PSD Psychopathy Screening Device, CSI Child Symptom Inventory, APSD Antisocial Personality Screening Device, P parent-report, T teacher-report, C child-report, sx symptoms, NS non-significant
Longitudinal study