Table 2.

Associations of self-reported smoking indicators and cotinine levels with frailty index in the discovery panel^a.

		Model 1			Model 2
Self-reported smoking indicators		Estimate	SE d	P-value	Estimate	SE d	P-value
Smoking status	Never smoker	Ref			Ref
	Former smoker	0.010	0.013	0.415	1.3 e-3	0.014	0.948
	Current smoker	0.021	0.011	0.034	0.027	0.012	0.036
Cumulative smoking (pack-years) b		1.6 e-3	4.0 e-4	< 0.0001	1.5 e-3	4.3 e-4	0.0009
Smoking cessation time (years) c		−8.5 e-4	7.7 e-4	0.029	−3.7 e-4	8.0 e-4	0.043
Serum cotinine levels (ng/ml)		1.0 e-4	2.5 e-4	0.678	1.1 e-4	2.5 e-4	0.652

^aModel 1: Adjusted for age (years) and sex (male/female); Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, alcohol consumption (abstainer/ low/ intermediate/ high).

^bA pack-year was defined as having smoked 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year, including current and former smokers from the discovery panel.

^cCessation time defined as age at the time of recruitment minus age at cessation, only including former smokers from the discovery panel.

^dSE = standard error.