Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the enzyme pathways (encapsulated processes shown in gray boxes). (A) Cascade reaction by GOx–DNAzyme. GOx oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and produces H₂O₂, which DNAzyme uses for subsequent reaction with ABTS inside CCMV capsid. (B) Cascade reaction performed by co-encapsulated GOx and GCK. The conversion of glucose to d-gluconate-6-P occurs at the interior of the CCMV capsids, whereas the conversion of d-gluconate-6-P into ribulose-5-P occurs at the exterior of the CCMV capsid catalyzed by tertiary enzyme, 6-PGDH.