Figure 1. URMC-099 potentiates antiretroviral activity of ARV nanoformulations.

HIV-1_ADA–infected human MDMs were treated with 1 μM nanoATV on (A) day 1 or (B) day 3 after infection in the presence or absence of 400 ng/ml URMC-099. Supernatants were collected on different days after infection to measure HIV-1 RT activity. Values represent the mean ± SD (n = 5). The same HIV control plot is presented in A and B. For a better comparison, see the HIV control plot in Figure 5, A and B, and in Supplemental Figure 5, A, B, E, and F. The mean was compared by 2-way ANOVA, which showed a time-dependent effect (P < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons were performed with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test for P < 0.05 compared with ^acontrol, ^bNanoATV, and ^cURMC-099. (C) On day 7 after infection, the cells were fixed and stained for HIV-1 p24 antigen and counterstained with hematoxylin. Multi- and mononucleated cells are marked with white and black arrowheads, respectively. Scale bar: 20 μm. On (D) day 7 and (E) day 14 after infection, the percentage of MNGCs was quantified from the total number of cells in 20 different fields. Values represent the mean ± SD. **P ≤ 0.01 and ***P ≤ 0.001, by Student’s t test. Multiple comparisons were corrected for the FDR by the Benjamini-Hochberg method, and data are representative of 3 independent experiments. dpi, days post infection.