Table 5.

The associations of HRQOL change, asthma control, and socio demographic factors based on conditional latent growth models (Models 2 & 3)

		Model 2		Model 3
		β	SE	β	SE
Effects on HRQOLa at T1
Asthma control at T1 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		0.23***	0.06	0.35***	0.08
Effects on HRQOLa at T2
Asthma control at T1 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		−0.01	0.06	0.16	0.10
Asthma control at T2 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		0.23***	0.05	0.45***	0.08
Effects on HRQOLa at T3
Asthma control T3 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		0.31***	0.06	0.41***	0.09
Effects on HRQOLa at T4
Asthma control at T3 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		0.26***	0.07	0.51***	0.11
Asthma control at T4 (Ref: Adequate control)
Poor control		0.18***	0.05	0.40***	0.08
Effects on Intercept (I)
Child’s age		0.02	0.08	0.01	0.08
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boys		−0.05	0.16	−0.06	0.16
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic		0.20	0.20	0.08	0.20
Hispanic/non-Hispanic		0.36	0.19	0.33	0.20
Others		0.49	0.29	0.40	0.25
Parental age		−0.03	0.08	−0.03	0.08
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married		0.26	0.16	0.23	0.16
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below		0.51**	0.16	0.39*	0.17
Number of chronic condition		0.08	0.08	0.02	0.09
Effects on Slope (S)
Child’s age		0.13	0.11	0.16	0.11
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boy		−0.43*	0.19	−0.37	0.20
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic		−0.43	0.24	−0.47	0.26
Hispanic/non-Hispanic		−0.64**	0.24	−0.75**	0.26
Others		−0.60	0.34	−0.42	0.36
Parental age		−0.04	0.10	0.02	0.11
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married		−0.31	0.20	−0.26	0.21
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below		−0.32	0.21	−0.28	0.23
Number of chronic condition		−0.12	0.10	−0.16	0.10
Effects on asthma control at T1
Child’s age				0.01	0.09
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boy				0.11	0.17
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic				0.26	0.21
Hispanic/non-Hispanic				0.11	0.21
Others				0.14	0.32
Parental age				−0.06	0.09
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married				0.19	0.17
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below				0.51**	0.18
Number of chronic condition				0.26**	0.08
Effects on asthma control at T2
Child’s age				0.04	0.09
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boy				0.17	0.18
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic				0.26	0.24
Hispanic/non-Hispanic				−0.01	0.22
Others				0.09	0.32
Parental age				0.07	0.09
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married				−0.07	0.18
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below				−0.05	0.19
Number of chronic condition				0.05	0.09
Effects on asthma control atT3
Child’s age				−0.04	0.12
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boy				0.07	0.20
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic				0.56*	0.24
Hispanic/non-Hispanic				0.23	0.25
Others				−0.18	0.37
Parental age				−0.12	0.10
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married				0.21	0.20
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below				0.32	0.21
Number of chronic condition				0.26**	0.10
Effects on asthma control at T4
Child’s age				−0.08	0.11
Child’s gender (Ref: Girl)
Boy				−0.04	0.20
Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White/non-Hispanic)
Black/non-Hispanic				−0.36	0.24
Hispanic/non-Hispanic				0.02	0.26
Others				−0.33	0.37
Parental age				−0.10	0.11
Marital status (Ref: Married)
Not married				−0.03	0.21
Education (Ref: College or above)
High school or below				−0.02	0.21
Number of chronic conditions				0.07	0.09

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HRQOL, health-related quality of life.

^aHigher scores indicate worse HRQOL.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001