Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 43 (10.4) |
| Male sex | 24 (75%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 21 (66%) |
| Native American | 4 (13%) |
| African American | 1 (3%) |
| Hispanic | 5 (16%) |
| Multiracial/other | 4 (8%) |
| Housing | |
| Own/rent | 14 (44%) |
| Staying with friends or family | 5 (16%) |
| Shelter/streets/car/motel | 11 (34%) |
| Nursing home/rehab facility | 2 (6 %) |
| Education | |
| Grades 1–12/GED | 15 (47%) |
| College 1–4+ years | 17 (53%) |
| Annual household income | |
| $10,000 | 15 (42%) |
| $10,000–20,000 | 5 (15%) |
| $20,000–50,000 | 3 (10%) |
| Refused | 9 (29%) |
| Marital status | |
| Married or living with long-term partner | 3 (9%) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 14 (44%) |
| Never married | 15 (47%) |
| Moderate- to high-risk use by substance* | |
| Alcohol | 12 (39%) |
| Amphetamines | 12 (46%) |
| Opioids | 13 (65%) |
| Health insurance—yes | 32 (100%) |
| Veterans Administration benefits | 2 (6%) |
| Medicare | 4 (13%) |
| Medicaid | 26 (81%) |
| Diagnosis category | |
| Alcoholic pancreatitis/GI bleed | 2 (6%) |
| Alcohol withdrawal | 4 (13%) |
| Cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure) | 2 (6%) |
| Cellulitis/abscess/wound infection | 8 (25%) |
| Endocarditis/bacteremia | 4 (13%) |
| Osteomyelitis | 2 (6%) |
| Pulmonary disease (e.g. respiratory failure) | 5 (16%) |
| Trauma/fracture | 2 (6%) |
| Other | 3 (9%) |
*Moderate to high risk use as assessed by the alcohol, smoking and substance use involvement screening test (ASSIST)22