Table 1.
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs)
| Protein | Human gene | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| (A) The α subunits | |||
| Nav1.1 | SCN1A | CNS, PNS, heart | CBH, dementia [70], Dravet syndrome [71], epilepsy [71, 72] |
| Nav1.2 | SCN2A | CNS, PNS | CBH, dementia [70], epilepsy [73, 74], autism [74] |
| Nav1.3 | SCN3A | CNS, PNS | Diabetes [75], neuropathic pain [76–78] |
| Nav1.4 | SCN4A | Skeletal muscle, heart | Brugada syndrome [79], myotonia, periodic paralysis [80] |
| Nav1.5 | SCN5A | Uninnervated skeletal muscle, heart, brain | Breast cancer [81, 82], arrhythmia [83], Brugada syndrome [84], angiogenic disorders [85] |
| Nav1.6 | SCN8A | CNS, PNS, heart | Epilepsy [86], cervical cancer [87] |
| Nav1.7 | SCN9A | PNS, neuroendocrine cells, sensory neurons | Angiogenic disorders [85], paroxysmal extreme pain disorder [88] |
| Nav1.8 | SCN10A | Sensory neurons | Prostate cancer [89], cardiac arrhythmia [90], MS [90, 91] |
| Nav1.9 | SCN11A | Sensory neurons | Congenital insensitivity [92], cold-aggravated pain [93] |
| Nax | SCN6A, SCN7A | Heart, uterus, skeletal muscle, astrocytes, DRG | Atopic dermatitis [94], hypertension [95] |
| (B) The β subunits | |||
| β1 | SCN1B | Heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, glia, PNS | Epilepsy [96], cardiac arrhythmia [97], cancer [98] |
| β1A(β1B) | SCN1B | Heart, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland, PNS | Epilepsy [96] |
| β2 | SCN2B | CNS, PNS, heart, glia | Altered pain response [59], MS [99] |
| β3 | SCN3B | CNS, adrenal gland, kidney, PNS | Cancer [98] |
| β4 | SCN4B | Heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, PNS | Huntington’s disease [100] |
CNS central nervous system, MS multiple sclerosis, PNS peripheral nervous system, CBH chronic brain hypoperfusion