Table 5.

Interaction of Clostridium perfringens with tight junctions.

Pathogen/Mechanism	In Vivo/In Vitro	Effects	Reference
C. perfringens type C causes a redistribution of epithelial TJ proteins occludin and claudin-3	in vitro	decreases the trans-epithelial electrical resistance	Nava and Vidal [126]
C. perfringens alters epithelial TJs barrier through activation of phospholipase	in vivo	perturbation of TJ by an increased intestinal permeability	Otamiri [127]
C. perfringens decreases claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression	in vivo	alteration of the intestinal barrier function by increasing intestinal permeability	Collier et al. [130]
C. perfringens enterotoxin targets directly TJ protein claudins as receptors	in vitro	impairment of TJ barrier function increase in paracellular permeability	Saitoh et al. [122]