Table 3.
Cox regression of diabetes complications after 8 years follow up according to proportion of carbohydrate intake at baseline.
| First Tertile | Second Tertile | Third Tertile | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <50.9% | 51.0%–56.4% | ≥56.5% | ||||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | p | HR | 95% CI | p | |
| Carbohydrate intake at baseline (% Energy) | 52.5 | ±1.4 | 57.3 | ±1.5 | 63.4 | ±2.9 | ||
| Overt nephropathy (n = 1275) | ||||||||
| Events/Patients | 23/411 | 29/439 | 29/425 | |||||
| Not adjusted | ref | 1.21 | (0.70 to 2.10 ) | 0.50 | 1.23 | (0.71 to 2.12 ) | 0.46 | |
| Adjusted a | ref | 1.13 | (0.63 to 2.02 ) | 0.68 | 1.31 | (0.72 to 2.37 ) | 0.38 | |
| Adjusted b | ref | 1.05 | (0.54 to 2.06 ) | 0.89 | 0.98 | (0.40 to 2.44 ) | 0.97 | |
| Adjusted c | ref | 1.19 | (0.66 to 2.15 ) | 0.56 | 1.32 | (0.71 to 2.44 ) | 0.37 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy (n = 936) | ||||||||
| Events/Patients | 88/305 | 100/321 | 89/310 | |||||
| Not adjusted | ref | 1.13 | (0.86 to 1.50 ) | 0.41 | 1.00 | (0.74 to 1.34 ) | 0.99 | |
| Adjusted a | ref | 1.12 | (0.82 to 1.51 ) | 0.48 | 1.00 | (0.72 to 1.38 ) | 1.00 | |
| Adjusted b | ref | 1.30 | (0.90 to 1.88 ) | 0.17 | 1.30 | (0.78 to 2.15 ) | 0.31 | |
| Adjusted c | ref | 1.14 | (0.84 to 1.55 ) | 0.41 | 1.06 | (0.76 to 1.48 ) | 0.73 | |
| CVD (n = 1353) | ||||||||
| Events/Patients | 40/443 | 38/458 | 51/452 | |||||
| Not adjusted | ref | 0.90 | (0.57 to 1.40 ) | 0.63 | 1.29 | (0.85 to 1.95 ) | 0.23 | |
| Adjusted a | ref | 0.90 | (0.57 to 1.44 ) | 0.67 | 1.24 | (0.79 to 1.96 ) | 0.35 | |
| Adjusted b | ref | 0.95 | (0.55 to 1.63 ) | 0.84 | 1.37 | (0.69 to 2.72 ) | 0.36 | |
| Adjusted c | ref | 0.88 | (0.55 to 1.41 ) | 0.58 | 1.21 | (0.76 to 1.93 ) | 0.42 | |
a Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, treatment by insulin, treatment by antihypertensive agents, treatment by lipid-lowering agents, current smoker, alcohol intake, energy intake, and physical activity; b Further adjusted for intakes of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega 6 fatty acids, omega 3 fatty acids, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and sodium.; c Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, treatment by insulin, treatment by antihypertensive agents, treatment by lipid-lowering agents, current smoker, alcohol intake, energy intake, and physical activity and excluding patients whose energy intake to basal metabolic rate ratio was less than 0.9. Abbreviation: CVD: cardiovascular disease; CI: confidence interval.