Table 4.
Carbohydrate intake (g·kg−1) and prevalence (%) of inadequate intake based on sport nutrition recommendation of 5 g·kg−1, excluding and including nutritional supplements.
| Men | Women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | ||||||
| Mean Intake | Low Intakes | Mean Intake | Low Intakes | Mean Intake | Low Intakes | Mean Intake | Low Intakes | ||
| Endurance (n = 157) | 5.1 ± 1.1 ◆ | 52.2 | 5.2 ± 1.0 ◆ | 48.3 | Endurance (n = 83) | 4.9 ± 0.9 ★◆ | 55.7 | 5.0 ± 0.9 ★◆ | 54.4 |
| Rowing (n = 34) | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 38.1 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 36.0 | Rowing (n = 26) | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 48.5 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 46.9 |
| Swimming (n = 11) | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 59.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 56.0 | Swimming (n = 9) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 45.6 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 43.6 |
| Ice skating (n = 15) | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 44.2 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 43.5 | Ice skating (n = 11) | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 61.4 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 60.9 |
| Road cycling (n = 34) | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 42.3 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 38.8 | Road cycling (n = 14) | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 72.8 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 71.9 |
| Running (mila) (n = 8) | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 25.6 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 25.5 | Running (mila) (n = 11) | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 42.3 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 41.4 |
| Ultra endurance (n = 55) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 71.8 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 64.7 | Ultra endurance(n = 12) | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 65.9 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 64.0 |
| Team (n = 138) | 5.0 ± 1.2 ■ | 53.4 | 5.1 ± 1.2 ■ | 50.5 | Team (n = 104) | 3.6 ± 0.6 ★ | 82.1 | 3.7 ± 0.6 ★ | 80.5 |
| Soccer youth (n = 63) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 38.8 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 38.6 | Soccer youth (n = 16) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 68.0 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 64.4 |
| Soccer talent (n = 26) | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 49.8 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 47.7 | Volleyball (n = 18) | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 85.8 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 85.8 |
| Soccer professional (n = 30) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 75.9 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 65.7 | Rugby Sevens(n = 29) | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 86.1 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 85.0 |
| Water polo (n = 12) | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 70.8 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 69.9 | Water polo (n = 12) | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 83.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 80.8 |
| Hockey (n = 7) | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 84.1 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 84.1 | Hockey (n = 11) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 71.8 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 71.8 |
| Handball (n = 18) | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 91.9 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 91.5 | |||||
| Strength (n = 32) | 4.1 ± 0.8 ◆■ | 74.3 | 4.3 ± 0.8 ◆■ | 69.2 | Strength (n = 39) | 4.1 ± 1.0 ◆ | 76.8 | 4.3 ± 1.1 ◆ | 73.0 |
| Track cycling (n = 5) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 76.5 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 66.9 | Track cycling/BMX (n = 6) | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 80.2 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 76.7 |
| BMX (n = 12) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 57.5 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 52.5 | - | - | - | ||
| Sprint/bobsled (n = 4) | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 76.5 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 74.1 | Sprint/bobsled (n = 8) | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 62..8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 56.7 |
| Cross fit (n = 5) | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 94.4 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 87.9 | Cross fit (n = 6) | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 83.0 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 82.5 |
| Archery (n = 6) | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 87.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 85.4 | - | - | - | ||
| Sailing (n = 6) | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 80.0 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 67.9 | |||||
| Gymnastics (n = 13) | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 79.5 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 79.5 | |||||
Intake values are expressed as mean ± SD. Prevalence of low intakes (below sports nutrition recommendations of 5.0 g·kg−1) are based on the probability approach ([xi − recommendation]/SDreq) indicating the prevalence of participants not meeting recommendations. Differences between categories are indicated by symbols (one-way ANOVAt: p < 0.05, with post-hoc Bonferroni correction), each comparison between groups has its own symbol: ★ Endurance vs. Team, ◆ Endurance vs. Strength and ■ Team vs. Strength.