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. 2017 Feb 11;9(2):127. doi: 10.3390/nu9020127

Table 3.

Substitution model: prospective associations of fatty acids and carbohydrates (CHO) (when replacing SFA) at age 10 years (per IQR increase in %EI), with changes in blood lipid concentrations (mmol/L) from age 10 to 15 years.

Substituting Nutrient ΔLDL ΔHDL ΔTAG ΔTOTAL:HDL
β 95% CI p-Value β 95% CI p-Value β 95% CI p-Value β 95% CI p-Value
TOTAL
MUFA MBASIC −0.037 −0.085; 0.011 0.134 0.002 −0.025; 0.029 0.897 −0.041 −0.087; 0.005 0.077 −0.027 −0.083; 0.029 0.346
MADJ −0.034 −0.082; 0.014 0.163 0.002 −0.025; 0.029 0.894 −0.041 −0.086; 0.005 0.081 −0.025 −0.082; 0.031 0.378
n -3 PUFA MBASIC −0.027 −0.064; 0.011 0.164 −0.003 −0.024; 0.018 0.752 0.002 −0.033; 0.037 0.913 −0.008 −0.052; 0.036 0.715
MADJ −0.026 −0.063; 0.012 0.179 −0.003 −0.024; 0.018 0.775 0.002 −0.034; 0.037 0.916 −0.008 −0.052; 0.036 0.723
n -6 PUFA MBASIC 0.018 −0.019; 0.056 0.341 0.016 −0.005; 0.037 0.143 0.019 −0.017; 0.055 0.303 −0.001 −0.045; 0.043 0.978
MADJ 0.017 −0.021; 0.054 0.384 0.016 −0.005; 0.038 0.129 0.018 −0.018; 0.054 0.324 −0.002 −0.047; 0.042 0.916
CHO MBASIC 0.063 0.000; 0.127 0.050 −0.001 −0.036; 0.035 0.970 0.057 −0.003; 0.117 0.061 0.043 −0.031; 0.117 0.257
MADJ 0.060 −0.004; 0.123 0.064 −0.001 −0.037; 0.034 0.947 0.057 −0.003; 0.117 0.063 0.041 −0.033; 0.115 0.278
FEMALES
MUFA MBASIC −0.053 −0.130; 0.024 0.175 0.005 −0.037; 0.046 0.825 −0.065 −0.122; −0.007 0.029 −0.054 −0.127; 0.020 0.153
MADJ −0.052 −0.129; 0.025 0.188 0.005 −0.037; 0.046 0.824 −0.064 −0.122; −0.007 0.029 −0.053 −0.127; 0.020 0.154
n -3 PUFA MBASIC −0.020 −0.080; 0.039 0.502 −0.004 −0.036; 0.028 0.822 0.002 −0.043; 0.047 0.928 −0.003 −0.060; 0.053 0.907
MADJ −0.020 −0.079; 0.039 0.510 −0.004 −0.036; 0.028 0.788 0.003 −0.042; 0.048 0.895 −0.002 −0.059; 0.055 0.942
n -6 PUFA MBASIC −0.004 −0.062; 0.054 0.896 0.015 −0.016; 0.046 0.341 0.034 −0.009; 0.078 0.125 −0.005 −0.060; 0.050 0.856
MADJ −0.005 −0.063; 0.053 0.868 0.017 −0.014; 0.048 0.292 0.032 −0.012; 0.075 0.155 −0.008 −0.064; 0.047 0.774
CHO MBASIC 0.127 0.023; 0.231 0.017 −0.003 −0.059; 0.053 0.916 0.097 0.019; 0.175 0.015 0.114 0.014; 0.213 0.025
MADJ 0.125 0.021; 0.229 0.019 −0.004 −0.060; 0.052 0.891 0.098 0.020; 0.176 0.014 0.115 0.015; 0.215 0.024
MALES
MUFA MBASIC −0.027 −0.088; 0.033 0.373 −0.001 −0.036; 0.035 0.976 −0.015 −0.085; 0.055 0.668 −0.006 −0.091; 0.079 0.898
MADJ −0.024 −0.084; 0.036 0.435 −0.001 −0.037; 0.035 0.948 −0.015 −0.085; 0.056 0.683 −0.004 −0.089; 0.082 0.934
n -3 PUFA MBASIC −0.043 −0.091; 0.005 0.079 −0.008 −0.037; 0.020 0.570 0.006 −0.050; 0.062 0.833 −0.009 −0.076; 0.059 0.796
MADJ −0.043 −0.090; 0.005 0.081 −0.007 −0.035; 0.021 0.630 0.005 −0.050; 0.061 0.851 −0.009 −0.077; 0.058 0.788
n -6 PUFA MBASIC 0.041 −0.009; 0.090 0.106 0.017 −0.012; 0.046 0.256 −0.004 −0.061; 0.054 0.898 0.001 −0.069; 0.071 0.985
MADJ 0.041 −0.008; 0.090 0.103 0.018 −0.011; 0.048 0.224 −0.004 −0.062; 0.053 0.880 0.000 −0.070; 0.070 0.995
CHO MBASIC 0.017 −0.059; 0.093 0.658 −0.001 −0.046; 0.044 0.961 0.021 −0.068; 0.109 0.647 −0.008 −0.115; 0.099 0.884
MADJ 0.012 −0.064; 0.088 0.755 0.000 −0.045; 0.045 0.991 0.020 −0.069; 0.108 0.663 −0.011 −0.118; 0.096 0.842

IQR = interquartile range; %EI = % of total energy intake; MBASIC = substitution model adjusted for study, region, sex (not in sex-stratified models), exact age at blood sampling, BMI at 10 years, total daily energy intake at 10 years, screen-time at 10 years, fasting status at blood sampling, lipid concentration at 10 years, and all energy-bearing nutrients except SFA; MADJ = substitution model further adjusted for pubertal onset and parental education; Δ = change from age 10 to 15 years; Significant associations marked in bold (p-value < 0.05 for total population analyses, p-value < 0.025 for sex-stratified analyses—Bonferroni correction for multiple testing: 0.05/2).