Table 3.
Mean ± SD intake of micronutrients in users and non-users of nutritional supplements (mg or µg) for men and women.
| Micro-Nutrients | Men | Women | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-User | Users DS | Users SNP | Users DS and SNP | Non-User | Only DS | Only SNP | DS + SNP | |||||||
| (n = 115) | (n = 67) | (n = 77) | (n = 68) | (n = 99) | (n = 53) | (n = 39) | (n = 35) | |||||||
| Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | Excluding | Including | |||
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 11.8 a,b,e,g | 1.6 ± 0.5 a | 1.7 ± 0.5 a,d | 1.5 ± 0.3 a | 5.8 ± 7.1 a,e,f | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 11.3 ± 12.4 h,i,l,n | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 k | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 7.7 h,l,m |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 10.8 a,b,e | 2.3 ± 0.7 a,b | 2.3 ± 0.7 a,d | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 7.6 ± 14.8 a,e,f | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 14.0 ± 19.7 h,i,l | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.3 h,k | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 11.8 ± 7.4 h,l,m |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | 22 ± 6 | 26 ± 6 a | 46 ± 20 a,b,e | 28 ± 7 a | 29 ± 7 a,d | 28 ± 6 a | 51 ± 30 a,e,f | 18 ± 2 | 21 ± 3 | 43 ± 23 h,i,l | 22 ± 5 | 24 ± 4 h,k | 21 ± 4 h | 54 ± 24 h,l,m |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 4.4 a,b,e | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 2.5 a,d | 2.3 ± 0.4 a | 6.8 ± 6.5 a,e,f | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.0 h | 11.4 ± 13.1 h,i,l | 2.3 ± 0.5 h | 2.5 ± 0.2 h,k | 2.1 ± 0.4 h | 12.4 ± 8.3 h,l,m |
| Vitamin B11 (mg) | 257 ± 50 | 311 ± 62 a | 568 ± 190 a,b,e | 339 ± 83 a | 353 ± 91 a,d | 333 ± 78 a,b | 627 ± 197 a,e,f | 252 ± 61 | 295 ± 89 h | 758 ± 354 h,i,l | 289 ± 85 | 295 ± 84 h,k | 345 ± 100 h | 678 ± 211 h,l,m |
| Vitamin B12 (mg) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.9 a | 13.4 ± 13.6 a,b,e | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 4.3 a,d | 6.6 ± 1.7 a | 12.3 ± 14.7 a,e,f | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 113 ± 730 h,i,l | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 1.4 k | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 23.8 ± 16.7 h,l,m |
| Vitamin A: RAE (µg) | 723 ± 120 | 773 ± 208 | 1189 ± 266 a,b,e | 812 ± 164 | 814 ± 164 | 752 ± 177 | 1284 ± 778 a,e,f | 654 ± 65 | 650 ± 228 | 1194 ± 618 h,i,l | 677 ± 42 | 686 ± 62 | 922 ± 415 h,i,k | 1639 ± 637 h,l,m |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 113 ± 49 | 145 ± 52 a | 285 ± 170 a,b,e | 138 ± 37 a,f | 153 ± 80 a,d | 119 ± 32 b | 345 ± 183 a,e,f | 116 ± 29 | 124 ± 45 | 319 ± 187 h,i,l | 126 ± 39 | 134 ± 38 k | 163 ± 65 h,i | 396 ± 249 h,l,m |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 1.0 a | 10.0 ± 9.1 a,b,e | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 0.8 a,d | 10.7 ± 8.1 a,e,f | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 20.6 ± 10.9 h,i,l,n | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 4,l.7 h,l,m |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 13 ± 3 | 16 ± 5 a | 30 ± 18 a,b,e | 15 ± 4 | 16 ± 4 a,d | 18 ± 5 a | 32 ± 14 a,e,f | 12 ± 3 | 14 ± 6 | 45 ± 33 h,i,l | 12 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 k | 16 ± 2 h,k | 35 ± 17 h,l,m |
| Calcium (mg) | 970 ± 181 | 1066 ± 234 | 1159 ± 245 a,b,e | 1251 ± 253 a,b | 1296 ± 243 a,d | 1163 ± 231 a | 1377 ± 362 a,c,f | 920 ± 190 | 1037 ± 159 h | 1135 ± 211 h,i,l | 971 ± 299 | 989 ± 284 k | 1086 ± 227 h | 1212 ± 261 h,l,m |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1598 ± 209 | 1836 ± 390 a | 1853 ± 382 a,b | 2063 ± 374 a | 2074 ± 363 a,d | 2102 ± 385 a,b | 2172 ± 397 a,c,f | 1466 ± 190 | 1626 ± 356 h | 1636 ± 356 h,i | 1606 ± 355 | 1607 ± 354 | 1724 ± 339 h | 1764 ± 329 h,m |
| Magnesium (mg) | 363 ± 60 | 449 ± 114 a | 502 ± 142 a,b | 478 ± 98 a | 493 ± 88 a,d | 487 ± 123 a | 560 ± 117 a,c,e,f | 351 ± 68 | 415 ± 195 h | 475 ± 250 h,i,l | 382 ± 90 | 390 ± 88 k | 465 ± 132 h,k | 524 ± 143 h,l,m |
| Iron (mg) | 12 ± 2 | 15 ± 3 a | 19 ± 5 a,b,e | 16 ± 3 a | 16 ± 3 a | 16 ± 4 a | 21 ± 5 a,e,f | 12 ± 2 | 12 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 h,i,l,d | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 h,i | 25 ± 22 h,l,m |
| Copper (µg) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.4 a | 2.0 ± 0.5 a,b,e | 1.6 ± 0.3 a | 1.7 ± 0.3 a | 1.7 ± 0.4 a | 2.2 ± 0.5 a,e,f | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 h,i,l | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 h,i,k | 2.3 ± 0.8 h,l,m |
| Selenium (µg) | 48 ± 8 | 58 ± 17 a | 77 ± 28 a,b | 65 ± 17 a | 65 ± 18 a | 80 ± 24 a,b,d | 100 ± 31 a,c,e,f | 46 ± 9 | 60 ± 46 h | 95 ± 49 h,i,l | 51 ± 7 h | 51 ± 8 h | 62 ± 13 h | 80 ± 24 h,l,m |
| Zinc (mg) | 11 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 a | 17 ± 4 a,b,e | 14 ± 2 a | 14 ± 2 a | 15 ± 3 a,b | 20 ± 5 a,e,f | 10 ± 2 | 11 ± 3 | 18 ± 6 h,i,l | 11 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 2 h,i | 19 ± 5 h,l,m |
All nutrient intake values are based on actual intake. Capital letters (A–I) are used as labels for subgroups for gender. Lower case letters displayed below a specific value indicate that this value is significantly larger than the corresponding column defined with a capital. Significance was set at p-value of 0.05. Differences were tested within categories (excluding/including nutritional supplements) based on the Wilcoxon-signed rank test using the Monte Carlo approach with p ≤ 0.05. Differences were tested between categories for nutrient intake excluding nutritional supplements and including nutritional supplements based on the Mann-Whitney U test using the Monte Carlo approach with p ≤ 0.05.