Table 3.

Relationships between breast milk sugars and infant body composition at 6 months of age ^a.

Infant Outcome	Model	β	ΔR2	ΔR2 p Value
Weight (g)	Base Model		0.70	0.00
	Fructose	256.9 *	0.08	0.02
	Lactose	26.2	<0.01	0.92
	Glucose	−0.9	<0.01	0.73
	Insulin	0.04	<0.01	0.91
Length (cm)	Base Model		0.56	0.00
	Fructose	0.4	0.03	0.28
	Lactose	−1.1	0.04	0.15
	Glucose	−0.01	0.03	0.23
	Insulin	<0.01	0.03	0.21
Weight-for-Length z-score	Base Model		0.52	0.00
	Fructose	0.3 *	0.12	0.02
	Lactose	0.5	0.05	0.14
	Glucose	<0.01	0.01	0.54
	Insulin	<0.01	0.02	0.39
Lean Mass (g) b	Base Model		0.66	0.00
	Fructose	170.1 *	0.09	0.01
	Lactose	224.3	0.03	0.18
	Glucose	−1.8	0.02	0.27
	Insulin	0.30	0.03	0.23
Fat Mass (g)	Base Model		0.59	0.00
	Fructose	130.8 *	0.07	0.05
	Lactose	−31.7	0.00	0.84
	Glucose	−0.2	<0.01	0.88
	Insulin	−0.13	0.01	0.51
Adiposity (%) c	Base Model		0.35	0.03
	Fructose	0.5	0.04	0.29
	Lactose	−1.5	0.05	0.20
	Glucose	0.01	0.01	0.56
	Insulin	<0.01	0.09	0.10
BMC (g)	Base Model		0.59	0.00
	Fructose	4.7 *	0.09	0.03
	Lactose	<0.01	0.01	0.57
	Glucose	<0.01	<0.01	0.76
	Insulin	<0.01	<0.01	0.71
BMD (g/cm2)	Base Model		0.47	0.00
	Fructose	<0.01	0.03	0.32
	Lactose	<0.01	0.01	0.62
	Glucose	<0.01	0.07	0.09
	Insulin	<0.01	0.01	0.60

Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the change in R² with the addition of each sugar. The base model included infant sex, 1-month infant weight, and maternal BMI. R² is reported for the base model and the change in R² is reported in response to adding each sugar to the base model. ^a Insulin analyses exclude one participant who was extremely hyperinsulinemic; n = 24; ^b Lean mass reflects fat-free mass minus BMC (lean tissue only, excluding bone mass); ^c Adiposity calculated as percent of fat mass (g) to total mass (g). β, unstandardized regression coefficient; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density.* p <0.05.