Table 3.
Infant Outcome | Model | β | ΔR2 | ΔR2 p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g) | Base Model | 0.70 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 256.9 * | 0.08 | 0.02 | |
Lactose | 26.2 | <0.01 | 0.92 | |
Glucose | −0.9 | <0.01 | 0.73 | |
Insulin | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.91 | |
Length (cm) | Base Model | 0.56 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.28 | |
Lactose | −1.1 | 0.04 | 0.15 | |
Glucose | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.23 | |
Insulin | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.21 | |
Weight-for-Length z-score | Base Model | 0.52 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 0.3 * | 0.12 | 0.02 | |
Lactose | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.14 | |
Glucose | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.54 | |
Insulin | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.39 | |
Lean Mass (g) b | Base Model | 0.66 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 170.1 * | 0.09 | 0.01 | |
Lactose | 224.3 | 0.03 | 0.18 | |
Glucose | −1.8 | 0.02 | 0.27 | |
Insulin | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.23 | |
Fat Mass (g) | Base Model | 0.59 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 130.8 * | 0.07 | 0.05 | |
Lactose | −31.7 | 0.00 | 0.84 | |
Glucose | −0.2 | <0.01 | 0.88 | |
Insulin | −0.13 | 0.01 | 0.51 | |
Adiposity (%) c | Base Model | 0.35 | 0.03 | |
Fructose | 0.5 | 0.04 | 0.29 | |
Lactose | −1.5 | 0.05 | 0.20 | |
Glucose | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.56 | |
Insulin | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.10 | |
BMC (g) | Base Model | 0.59 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | 4.7 * | 0.09 | 0.03 | |
Lactose | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.57 | |
Glucose | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.76 | |
Insulin | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.71 | |
BMD (g/cm2) | Base Model | 0.47 | 0.00 | |
Fructose | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.32 | |
Lactose | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.62 | |
Glucose | <0.01 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
Insulin | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.60 |
Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the change in R2 with the addition of each sugar. The base model included infant sex, 1-month infant weight, and maternal BMI. R2 is reported for the base model and the change in R2 is reported in response to adding each sugar to the base model. a Insulin analyses exclude one participant who was extremely hyperinsulinemic; n = 24; b Lean mass reflects fat-free mass minus BMC (lean tissue only, excluding bone mass); c Adiposity calculated as percent of fat mass (g) to total mass (g). β, unstandardized regression coefficient; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density.* p <0.05.