Table 3.
Amounts of food categories and sub-categories in observed and optimized diets for the total sample and for FS-ACCEPTABLE and FS-EXCESS groups (g/day).
| Observed Diets | Optimized Diets | FS-Acceptable | FS-Excess | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL | FS-ACCEPTABLE | FS-EXCESS | p 1 | ALL | FS-ACCEPTABLE | FS-EXCESS | p 1 | p 2 | p 2 | |
| Individuals, n | 1693 | 1003 | 690 | 1693 | 1003 | 690 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||||
| Fruits/vegetables/nuts | 379.7 ± 236.7 | 438.0 ± 248.1 | 294.8 ± 189.8 | a,b,c | 562.3 ± 177.2 | 583.8 ± 184.3 | 531.1 ± 161.4 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fruits | 163.1 ± 148.8 | 190.8 ± 162.9 | 122.9 ± 114.1 | a,b,c | 322.3 ± 138.9 | 336.1 ± 144.9 | 302.2 ± 127.1 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fresh | 149.6 ± 144.4 | 178.5 ± 159.1 | 107.4 ± 106.6 | a,b,c | 307.0 ± 137.2 | 321.8 ± 143.5 | 285.4 ± 124.5 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Processed | 13.6 ± 31.7 | 12.3 ± 31.1 | 15.5 ± 32.4 | a,b,c | 15.3 ± 31.9 | 14.3 ± 32.8 | 16.8 ± 30.4 | <0.001 | 0.063 | |
| Vegetables | 214.5 ± 142.3 | 245.2 ± 149.6 | 169.8 ± 117.4 | a,b,c | 234.6 ± 99.4 | 242.3 ± 102.8 | 223.4 ± 93.2 | 0.593 | <0.001 | |
| Nuts | 2.1 ± 5.8 | 2.0 ± 5.7 | 2.1 ± 6.0 | 5.4 ± 9.2 | 5.4 ± 9.3 | 5.5 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Starchy foods | 254.2 ± 118.9 | 270.0 ± 127.1 | 231.2 ± 101.6 | a,b,c | 366.7 ± 109.4 | 375.4 ± 112.2 | 354.1 ± 104.1 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Refined | 168.8 ± 96.4 | 181.2 ± 102.5 | 150.7 ± 83.5 | a,b,c | 222.9 ± 92.2 | 229.1 ± 94.2 | 214.0 ± 88.4 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Unrefined | 80.5 ± 59.4 | 85.1 ± 64.6 | 73.9 ± 50.1 | a,b,c | 139.3 ± 56.6 | 142.7 ± 58.1 | 134.3 ± 53.8 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ready-to-eat cereals | 4.9 ± 16.3 | 3.6 ± 13.4 | 6.7 ± 19.6 | 4.5 ± 14.2 | 3.6 ± 13.1 | 5.9 ± 15.5 | 0.881 | 0.033 | ||
| Meats/eggs/fish | 166.9 ± 70.2 | 179.9 ± 71.7 | 147.9 ± 63.4 | a,b,c | 142.8 ± 43.2 | 144.5 ± 42.2 | 140.2 ± 44.7 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Mixed dishes and sandwiches | 120.9 ± 91.4 | 117.4 ± 93.7 | 125.9 ± 87.9 | 70.4 ± 53.8 | 65.1 ± 51.9 | 78.1 ± 55.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Dairy products | 209.4 ± 173.7 | 201.5 ± 174.4 | 221.0 ± 172.1 | 222.7 ± 146.0 | 222.7 ± 142.1 | 222.7 ± 151.6 | <0.001 | 0.754 | ||
| Milk | 94.4 ± 151.6 | 85.5 ± 153.1 | 107.5 ± 148.4 | 109.7 ± 138.0 | 106.7 ± 133.2 | 114.1 ± 144.7 | <0.001 | 0.183 | ||
| Plain milk | 86.8 ± 145.8 | 80.9 ± 151.6 | 95.5 ± 136.5 | 104.0 ± 134.3 | 102.9 ± 132.9 | 105.7 ± 136.4 | <0.001 | 0.034 | ||
| Sweet milk | 7.6 ± 38.2 | 4.6 ± 28.1 | 12.0 ± 49.0 | 5.7 ± 29.3 | 3.8 ± 23.7 | 8.3 ± 35.8 | 0.202 | 0.004 | ||
| Yogurts | 80.9 ± 81.3 | 78.9 ± 79.9 | 83.7 ± 83.1 | 94.7 ± 83.6 | 95.8 ± 83.3 | 93.2 ± 84.0 | <0.001 | 0.000 | ||
| Plain yogurts | 39.5 ± 60.5 | 44.8 ± 67.0 | 31.7 ± 48.6 | 48.1 ± 66.1 | 54.7 ± 71.6 | 38.7 ± 55.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Sweet yogurts | 41.4 ± 59.5 | 34.1 ± 53.4 | 52.0 ± 66.0 | a,b,c | 46.6 ± 61.4 | 41.1 ± 58.4 | 54.5 ± 64.8 | <0.001 | 0.227 | |
| Cheese | 34.1 ± 28.8 | 37.1 ± 29.8 | 29.8 ± 26.9 | a,b,c | 18.3 ± 14.0 | 20.2 ± 14.5 | 15.5 ± 12.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Sweet products | 119.9 ± 76.0 | 91.1 ± 58.7 | 161.7 ± 79.2 | a,b,c | 103.4 ± 65.5 | 91.3 ± 62.5 | 121.2 ± 65.7 | a,b,c | 0.907 | <0.001 |
| Milk or eggs-containing desserts | 18.4 ± 31.0 | 12.3 ± 21.7 | 27.3 ± 39.3 | a,b,c | 17.4 ± 29.4 | 13.1 ± 23.9 | 23.6 ± 35.2 | a,b,c | 0.082 | <0.001 |
| Cakes and pastries | 48.3 ± 44.7 | 41.1 ± 38.5 | 58.9 ± 50.6 | a,b,c | 39.1 ± 37.1 | 37.7 ± 36.3 | 41.0 ± 38.1 | 0.006 | <0.001 | |
| Biscuits | 8.2 ± 18.4 | 4.6 ± 10.8 | 13.6 ± 24.9 | a,b,c | 7.9 ± 15.3 | 5.8 ± 12.5 | 10.8 ± 18.1 | a,b,c | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Croissants | 17.5 ± 26.0 | 14.2 ± 23.6 | 22.1 ± 28.5 | a,b,c | 15.7 ± 24.3 | 15.3 ± 24.5 | 16.4 ± 24.0 | 0.267 | <0.001 | |
| Confectionery (incl. chocolate) | 5.8 ± 14.1 | 3.1 ± 6.4 | 9.9 ± 20.0 | a,b,c | 4.4 ± 7.9 | 3.2 ± 6.2 | 6.0 ± 9.6 | a,b,c | 0.229 | <0.001 |
| Honey, marmalade and chocolate spread | 13.8 ± 19.8 | 10.4 ± 15.8 | 18.6 ± 23.8 | a,b,c | 13.5 ± 17.5 | 11.3 ± 16.3 | 16.7 ± 18.7 | a,b,c | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Table sugar | 7.8 ± 10.2 | 5.5 ± 7.6 | 11.3 ± 12.4 | a,b,c | 5.5 ± 6.9 | 4.8 ± 6.7 | 6.7 ± 7.0 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Beverages including water | 1322.6 ± 630.3 | 1288.5 ± 655.7 | 1372.1 ± 588.3 | 1398.4 ± 403.0 | 1398.1 ± 421.3 | 1398.8 ± 374.9 | <0.001 | 0.259 | ||
| Water | 798.6 ± 569.3 | 821.1 ± 596.0 | 765.7 ± 526.7 | a | 898.4 ± 412.1 | 911.2 ± 426.8 | 879.8 ± 389.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hot beverages | 389.4 ± 335.3 | 403.7 ± 332.1 | 368.4 ± 339.0 | 412.4 ± 334.3 | 428.4 ± 325.0 | 389.1 ± 346.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Diet beverages | 12.9 ± 62.2 | 10.2 ± 58.3 | 16.9 ± 67.3 | 17.6 ± 72.2 | 14.6 ± 69.2 | 21.9 ± 76.3 | 0.018 | 0.009 | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 62.4 ± 175.4 | 17.0 ± 46.4 | 128.3 ± 255.5 | a,b,c | 23.5 ± 60.8 | 10.1 ± 31.1 | 43.1 ± 83.9 | a,b,c | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fruit juices 100% | 59.4 ± 89.9 | 36.4 ± 62.2 | 92.8 ± 111.4 | a,b,c | 46.5 ± 67.2 | 33.7 ± 55.0 | 65.0 ± 78.4 | a,b,c | 0.012 | <0.001 |
| Added fats and sauces | 45.5 ± 23.4 | 48.1 ± 23.3 | 41.8 ± 23.1 | a,b,c | 39.4 ± 18.4 | 39.2 ± 19.0 | 39.8 ± 17.6 | <0.001 | 0.012 | |
| Foods based on soya | 3.5 ± 25.4 | 4.0 ± 25.9 | 2.9 ± 24.7 | 3.8 ± 25.5 | 4.0 ± 25.4 | 3.5 ± 25.6 | 0.907 | 0.168 | ||
Abbreviations: FS, free sugars; incl. chocolate, including chocolate. 1 Letters indicate a significant (p < 0.01) difference between FS-ACCEPTABLE and FS-EXCESS based on GLM with survey design at three levels of adjustments: a, GLM adjusted for age, gender and energy intake; b, GLM adjusted for age, gender, energy intake, smoker status, BMI and socio-professional status; c, GLM adjusted for age, gender, energy intake, smoker status, BMI, socio-professional status, composition of the family and sitting time; 2 GLM to test differences in dietary intakes between observed and optimized diets, with survey design adjusted for age, gender, energy intake, smoker status, BMI, socio-professional status, composition of the family and sitting time.