Table 1.
General characteristics, metabolic profiles, and zinc biomarkers. MS: metabolic syndrome.
| Variables | Patients with MS (n = 88) | Control (n = 37) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) a | 50 (11) | 44 (11) | 0.011 |
| Sex (F/M) | 64/24 | 25/12 | 0.666 |
| WC (cm) a | 105.50 (12.60) | 82.40 (6.98) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 DM b | 43 (49) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension b | 67 (76) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Obesity b | 58 (66) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia b | 81 (92) | 23 (62) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) a | 134.85 (18.28) | 114.46 (7.24) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) a | 88.47 (11.51) | 74.59 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| FBG (mg/dL) a | 119.70 (47.7) | 84.70 (11.27) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (µUI/mL) c | 8.87 (5.10–13.76) | 4.95 (3.48–6.93) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) a | 6.91 (1.67) | 5.40 (0.52) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR c | 2.35 (0.94–3.55) | 0.99 (0.73–1.42) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 210.73 (60.22) | 212.97(49.08) | 0.841 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) a | 128.28 (48.44) | 134.70 (43.83) | 0.488 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) a | 44.95 (9.32) | 53.92 (11.34) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) c | 156.00 (126.90–215.50) | 106.00 (75.00–177.00) | 0.034 |
| Non HDL-c (mg/dL) a | 165.76 (57.99) | 159.05 (48.76) | 0.538 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) c | 1.98 (0.67–6.59) | 0.34 (0.09–0.98) | <0.001 |
| Zinc intake (mg/d) a | 6.57(1.64) | 9.37(2.41) | <0.001 |
| Plasma zinc (µg/dL) a | 88.81 (18.28) | 87.82 (17.44) | 0.783 |
| Erythrocyte zinc (µg/g Hb) a | 47.47 (8.29) | 41.43 (7.37) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urinary zinc excretion (µg/24 h) c | 554.80 (291.00–787.60) | 375.40 (197.60–597.50) | 0.008 |
a Data presented as mean (standard deviation); b Data presented as n (%); c Data presented median (interquartile interval) WC, waist circumference; DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance; LDL-c, low-density cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; non HDL-c, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.