Figure 1.

Schematics indicating (A) possible parameters involved in the production of multifunctional nanoelements (NEs) and (B) the mechanisms for generating antibacterial/antibiofilm nanocoatings from NE surface attachment and assembling, which can be directed by several chemical bonds (e.g., hydrogen), through numerous interactions (e.g., electrostatic, hydrophobic), via specific sites (biologically inspired), and through incorporation in matrices. The resulting assembly features that influence the antibacterial properties are represented in panel B.