Fig. 3.

Schematic diagram illustrating the main biological targets of Guggulsterone. The apoptotic effects of guggulsterone are preceded by activation of JNK, suppression of Akt and NF-kB activity. Activation of JNK leads to induction of propapoptic proteins and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria which in turn activates caspases, resulting in apoptosis. Down regulation of NF-kB activity leads to inhibition of anti apoptotic proteins which in turn activates caspases, resulting in apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation