Fig. 4.

Schematic representation of Guggulsterone mediated effects on various biological processes. i) Abrogating pro-inflammatory signaling by inhibiting activity/expression of IKK-NF-kB, STAT3, COX-2,iNOS, etc. ii) Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest by modulating cyclins, CDKs, etc. iii) Induction of apoptosis of cancerous or transformed cells by modulating expression/activity of caspases, IAPs, Bcl-2 family proteins, etc. iv) Inhibition of angiogenesis by targeting HIF-1a, VEGF, VEGF-R, etc. v) Sensitization of tumor cells to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs and reversal of multidrug resistance