Table 2.
Sequential explanatory model for marginal total healthcare expenditures in those with self-reported joint pain and/or arthritis
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No reported joint pain and/or arthritis (reference) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Self-reported joint pain and/or arthritis | $6773* | $4427* | $3980* | $2764* | $1638* |
| Predisposing factors | |||||
| Age, years | |||||
| 18–24 (reference) | – | – | – | – | |
| 25–44 | $1571* | $1873* | $2381* | $2372* | |
| 45–64 | $3633* | $3717* | $3224* | $3038* | |
| 65+ | $6150* | $3510* | $2087* | $1607* | |
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white (reference) | – | – | – | – | |
| Non-Hispanic black | −$883** | −$1053** | −$1325** | −$1287* | |
| Non-Hispanic other | −$543 | −$448 | −$741 | −$136 | |
| Hispanic | −$2196* | −$1960* | −$1845* | −$1683* | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male (reference) | – | – | – | – | |
| Female | $1053* | $929* | $1272* | $1383* | |
| Region | |||||
| Northeast (reference) | – | – | – | – | |
| Midwest | −$149 | $78 | −$101 | −$168.78 | |
| South | −$514 | −$69 | −$458 | −$325.85 | |
| West | $272 | $489 | $610 | $746.14 | |
| MSA | |||||
| Rural (reference) | – | – | – | – | |
| Urban | $797** | $1124* | $1216* | $1241* | |
| Enabling factors | |||||
| Income | |||||
| < $25,000 (reference) | – | – | – | ||
| $25,000–$49,999 | −$414 | −$293 | −$44 | ||
| $50,000–$74,999 | $3 | $444 | $817 | ||
| > $75,000 | $364 | $1487*** | $1761** | ||
| Employment | |||||
| Not employed (reference) | – | – | – | ||
| Employed | −$3239 | −$2654* | −$2018* | ||
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school (reference) | – | – | – | ||
| High school | $849*** | $1566** | $1634* | ||
| College | $709 | $1242* | $1305* | ||
| Graduate school | $1515** | $2493* | $2457* | ||
| Insurance | |||||
| Any private (reference) | – | – | – | ||
| Public only | $1526*** | $1639 *** | $947 | ||
| No insurance | −$3615* | −$3875* | −$3943* | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married (reference) | – | – | – | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | $63 | $34 | −$131 | ||
| Never married | −$55 | $79 | −$172 | ||
| Need factors**** | |||||
| Asthma | $2428* | $2001* | |||
| Diabetes | $3001* | $2669* | |||
| Emphysema | $2476*** | $1559*** | |||
| High blood pressure | $938* | $876* | |||
| High cholesterol | $1149* | $1194* | |||
| Stroke | $2683* | $1727*** | |||
| Depression | $3182* | $1939* | |||
| CVD | $2814* | $2375* | |||
| BMI | |||||
| Underweight (reference) | – | – | |||
| Normal | $726 | $1200 | |||
| Overweight | $388 | $732 | |||
| Obese | $534 | $824 | |||
| Risk factor of interest**** | |||||
| Any limitations | $3308* | ||||
| IADL | $2488*** | ||||
| ADL | $2284*** | ||||
| Walk limitations | $253 | ||||
Abbreviations: ADL Activities of daily living, BMI Body mass index, CVD Cardiovascular disease, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, MSA Metropolitan statistical area
Sequential linear models were used, with each column representing a separate generalized linear model using gamma distribution
* p < 0.001
** p < 0.01
*** p < 0.05
****Reference groups compared with those without need factor or risk factor