Table 2.
Adjusted associations of GDF-15 levels and of cardiovascular risk with CAC score among COPDGene participants with COPD (n = 694)
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDF-15 level (in tertiles) | ||||
| Lower tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Intermediate tertile | 2.52 (1.10, 2.71) | 2.30 (1.19, 4.44) | 2.16 (1.11, 4.20) | 1.87 (0.88, 3.99) |
| Higher tertile | 5.70 (3.08, 10.56) | 4.53 (2.40, 8.54) | 4.22 (2.20, 8.07) | 4.28 (2.09, 8.76) |
| Coronary heart disease risk groupe | ||||
| Low (<10%) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Intermediate (10%-20%) | 1.49 (0.86, 2.57) | 1.46 (0.83, 2.58) | 1.33 (0.69, 2.55) | |
| High (>20%) | 2.89 (1.45, 5.77) | 3.77 (1.79, 7.94) | 3.97 (1.68, 9.35) | |
All entries represent risk ratio of being in the higher group of CAC and its 95% CI, based on multinomial logistic regression models, in which GDF-15 tertiles are compared again the lower tertile as reference, and the groups of cardiovascular risk by the HEART score are compared with the low-risk group as reference. aModel 1: Bivariate. bModel 2: Model 1 additionally adjusted for baseline coronary heart disease risk group. cModel 3: Model 2 additionally adjusted for race, GOLD spirometry stage, pack-years smoked, chronic bronchitis symptoms, history of exacerbations, measures of emphysema and airway thickness, and co-morbidities (asthma, GERD, mobility-related diseases). dModel 4: Model 3 additionally adjusted for N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin T and Interleukin-6. eBased on the HEART score, as described in the Methods section