TABLE 4.

Existing resources to measure moderating variables

Type of moderating variables	Measurement tools
Conceptions of teaching	Survey instruments
	Postsecondary Instructional Practices Survey (PIPS; Walter et al., 2016)
	Teaching Practices Inventory (TPI; Wieman and Gilbert, 2014)
	Approaches to Teaching Inventory (ATI; Trigwell et al., 2005)
	Pedagogical Discontentment Scale (Southerland et al., 2012)
	Interview protocols
	Teacher Beliefs Interview (Luft and Roehrig, 2007)
Teaching context	Teaching Practices Inventory (TPI; Wieman and Gilbert, 2014)
	Survey of Climate for Instructional Improvement (SCII; Walter et al., 2014)