Table 1. Study population characteristics among 562 total and smear-positive participants, Kazakhstan, 2012–2014.
| Smear+ (193) | Smear- (355) | Total (562) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | 95% CI | % (n) | 95% CI | % (n) | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Socio-demographic | |||||||
| Sex, male | 63.73% (123)** | 56.92%–70.53% | 50.7% (180) | 45.48%–55.92% | 54.98% (309) | 50.86%–59.11% | 0.003 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 36.5 (13.4) | 34.5–38.3 | 34.7 (13.0) | 33.3–36.0 | 35 (13.1) | 34.2–36.4 | 0.118 |
| Employed | 80.83% (156) | 75.258%–86.4% | 80.56% (286) | 76.43%–84.69% | 80.60% (453) | 77.33%–83.88% | 0.94 |
| Highest education | |||||||
| Primary school | 0.52% (1) | 0.00%–1.53% | 0.28% (1) | 0.00%–0.83% | 0.36% (2) | 0.00%–0.84% | 0.6095 |
| Secondary school | 8.81% (17) | 4.79%–12.81% | 6.20% (22) | 3.68%–8.71% | 6.94% (39) | 4.83%–9.04% | |
| High school | 28.50% (55) | 22.10%–34.88% | 31.83% (113) | 26.97%–36.69% | 30.60% (172) | 26.78%–34.42% | |
| Vocational education | 44.04% (85) | 37.01%–51.06% | 42.54% (151) | 37.37%–47.69% | 43.06% (242) | 38.95%–47.16% | |
| Incomplete higher education | 5.18% (10) | 2.04%–8.31% | 3.38% (12) | 1.49%–5.26% | 4.27% (24) | 2.59%–5.94% | |
| Higher education | 12.95% (25) | 8.20%–17.70% | 15.77% (56) | 11.97%–19.57% | 14.77% (83) | 11.82%–17.71% | |
| Nationality | |||||||
| Kazakh | 70.98% (137)* | 64.56%–77.40% | 80.00% (284) | 75.82%–84.17% | 76.87% (432) | 73.37%–80.37% | 0.017 |
| Other | 29.02% (56) | 22.59%–35.43% | 20.00% (71) | 15.82%–24.17% | 23.13% (130) | 19.63%–26.62% | |
| Marital Status, Married | 58.55% (113) | 51.57%–65.52% | 62.82% (223) | 57.77%–67.86% | 61.74% (347) | 57.71%–65.77% | 0.327 |
| Monthly income, mean(SD) | 45474 (53896) | 37823–53127 | 38727 (58902) | 32579–44876 | 40781 (56970) | 36061–45501 | 0.218 |
| Place of birth | |||||||
| Kazakh | 89.64% (173) | 85.32%–93.95% | 91.55% (325) | 88.64%–94.45% | 91.10% (512) | 88.74%–93.46% | 0.458 |
| Other | 10.36% (20) | 6.04%–14.67% | 8.45 (30) | 5.54%–11.35% | 8.90% (50) | 6.53%–11.25% | |
| Urban | 52.85% (102)* | 45.78%–59.91% | 41.48% (146) | 36.31%–46.64% | 45.77% (254) | 41.61%–49.92% | 0.011 |
| Study Site | |||||||
| Almaty city | 18.65% (36) | 13.14%–24.16% | 4.79% (17) | 2.56%–7.01% | 9.96% (56) | 7.48%–12.44% | <0.001 |
| Almaty area | 23.32% (45) | 17.33%–29.30% | 37.75% (134) | 32.68%–42.80% | 32.92% (185) | 29.02%–36.81% | |
| Kyzylorda | 29.02% (56) | 22.59%–35.43% | 33.52% (119) | 28.59%–38.44% | 31.14% (175) | 27.29%–34.97% | |
| Kostanay | 29.02% (56) | 22.59%–35.43% | 23.94% (85) | 19.49%–28.39% | 25.98% (146) | 22.34%–29.61% | |
| Behavioral | |||||||
| Ever incarcerated | 6.81% (13)** | 3.22%–10.38% | 1.98% (7) | 0.52%–3.43% | 3.76% (21) | 2.18%–5.34% | 0.004 |
| Smoked tobacco in the past 12 months | 22.41% (39) | 16.19%–28.63% | 15.79% (51) | 11.79%–19.77% | 18.24% (93) | 14.87%–21.60% | 0.067 |
| Ever consumed alcohol | 55.96% (108)* | 48.93%–62.98% | 47.04% (167) | 41.83%–52.25% | 49.64% (279) | 45.50%–53.79% | 0.046 |
| Alcohol dependence§ | 17.10% (33)*** | 11.77%–22.42% | 6.76% (24) | 4.14%–9.38% | 10.32% (58) | 7.80%–12.84% | <0.001 |
| Ever used drugs | 9.33% (18)** | 5.21%–13.44% | 3.10% (11) | 1.29%–4.90% | 5.34% (30) | 3.47%–7.20% | 0.002 |
| Social Support Score, mean (SD) | 64.6 (10.6) | 63.1–66.1 | 64.7 (10.2) | 63.6–65.7 | 64.6 (2.88) | 63.7–65.4 | 0.81 |
| Have a doctor | 90.16% (174) | 85.93%–94.37% | 85.07% (302) | 81.35%–88.78% | 86.30% (485) | 83.44%–89.15% | 0.092 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 20.8 (3.8) | 20.2–21.3 | 21.4 (2.6) | 21.0–21.8 | 21.2 (3.7) | 20.9–21.5 | 0.005 |
| Ever diagnosed with diabetes | 13.09% (25)*** | 8.29%–17.88% | 4.23% (15) | 2.12%–6.32% | 7.14% (40) | 5.00%–9.28% | <0.001 |
| Ever diagnosed with anemia | 11.46% (22) | 6.93%–15.97% | 15.54% (55) | 11.75%–19.32% | 14.11% (79) | 11.21%–16.99% | 0.191 |
| Ever diagnosed with HCV | 3.63% (7)* | 0.98%–6.27% | 1.13% (4) | 0.02%–2.22% | 2.14% (12) | 0.93%–3.33% | 0.046 |
| HIV Status, Positive | 2.60% (4) | 0.07%–5.11% | 0.97% (3) | 0.00%–2.06% | 1.48% (7) | 0.38%–2.57% | 0.175 |
| Depression Score, mean (SD) |
1.64 (2.84) | 1.23–2.045 | 1.60 (3.03) | 1.28–1.91 | 1.62 (2.99) | 1.37–1.86 | 0.486 |
Notes. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; all p values refer to comparison between smear-positive and smear-negative subjects only: Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and Student t-tests for continuous variables
* p<0.05.
** p<0.01
*** p<0.001
§ as measured by the CAGE.