Table 5.
Multivariable-Adjusted Incremental Change of Acute Hospital and Outpatient Costs after Hip Fracture with Change of Predictor Variable Level Compared to Reference Category
| Predictor | Change of Acute Hospital Costs (95% CI)a,b | Change of Outpatient Costs (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model 1 (n = 738) | Model 2c (n = 565) | Model 1b (n = 738) | Model 2c (n = 565) | |
| Total health care costs before hip fracture | ||||
| Quintile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Quintile 2 | $−82 (−2,085 to 1,921) | $61 (−2,055 to 2,177) | $861 (−33 to 1,755) | $958 (39 to 1,877) |
| Quintile 3 | $−279 (−2,474 to 1,916) | $−487 (−2,827 to 1,853) | $1,267 (176 to 2,357) | $1,334 (170 to 2,498) |
| Quintile 4 | $878 (−1,599 to 3,354) | $218 (−2,459 to 2,895) | $2,360 (1,168 to 3,551) | $2,423 (1,157 to 3,710) |
| Highest Quintile | $1,852 (−914 to 4,619) | $2,026 (−1,169 to 5,221) | $4,093 (2,650 to 5,536) | $5,191 (3,423 to 6,959) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 or 2 | $694 (−1,703 to 3,091) | $1,256 (−1,138 to 3,650) | $−329 (−1,438 to 780) | $−179 (−1,259 to 902) |
| 3 or 4 | $1,517 (−1,201 to 4,234) | $2,090 (−665 to 4,845) | $−363 (−1,668 to 943) | $−186 (−1,452 to 1,080) |
| 5 or 6 | $2,749 (−330 to 5,828) | $2,667 (−682 to 6,016) | $−444 (−1,940 to 1,052) | $−158 (−1,773 to 1,458) |
| 7 or more | $2,907 (−446 to 6,260) | $5,601 (1,707 to 9,495) | $−36 (−1,726 to 1,653) | $937 (−1,027 to 2,902) |
| Walk speed, m/s | ||||
| ≥1.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 0.8 to 0.99 | $666 (−1,578 to 2,890) | $95 (−2,224 to 2,414) | $570 (−509 to 1,649) | $457 (−610 to 1,524) |
| 0.6 to 0.79 | $1,304 (−1,074 to 3,682) | $1,068 (−1,426 to 3,563) | $742 (−381 to 1,864) | $772 (−381 to 1,925) |
| <0.6 | $991 (−1,367 to 3,349) | $1,543 (−1,099 to 4,186) | $483 (−648 to 1,614) | $892 (−359 to 2,142) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <20 | $269 (−2,037 to 2,575) | $−583 (−3,264 to 2,098) | $36 (−1,032 to 1,105) | $−29 (−1,244 to 1,184) |
| 20 to 24.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 25 to 29.9 | $1,092 (−707 to 2,892) | $859 (−1,082 to 2,799) | $458 (−419 to 1,335) | $360 (−569 to 1,290) |
| ≥30 | $2,949 (173 to 5,724) | $2213 (−687 to 5,114) | $1,849 (471 to 3,228) | $1,608 (178 to 3,088) |
a
Adjusted for study enrollment site, year of hip fracture, size of hospital in which hip fracture was treated, and primary care providers per 10,000 inhabitants in county of residence at the time of hip fracture
b
Model predicted costs for reference level, and incremental costs for other levels compared to reference level; statistically significant values at p-value <0.05 are in bold
c
Model 2 restricted to those who survived at least 12 months post hip fracture