Table 3.
Associations of prenatal plasma PFAS concentrations with overall and central adiposity measurements in early childhood among all children and stratified by child sex [β (95% CI)].
| Variable/PFAS metabolite | All children | Boys | Girls | pint |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall adiposity | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| PFOS | 0.04 (0.05, 0.12) | 0.02 (–0.11, 0.15) | 0.04 (–0.08, 0.16) | 0.56 |
| PFOA | 0.09 (–0.02, 0.19) | 0.08 (–0.09, 0.26) | 0.08 (–0.06, 0.21) | 0.82 |
| PFHxS | 0.01 (–0.05, 0.06) | 0.00 (–0.08, 0.08) | 0.01 (–0.06, 0.08) | 0.94 |
| PFNA | 0.02 (–0.07, 0.12) | –0.05 (–0.18, 0.08) | 0.07 (–0.05, 0.20) | 0.20 |
| BMI z-score | ||||
| PFOS | 0.03 (–0.03, 0.09) | 0.02 (–0.08, 0.11) | 0.04 (–0.04, 0.13) | 0.50 |
| PFOA | 0.05 (–0.02, 0.12) | 0.03 (–0.09, 0.15) | 0.06 (–0.03, 0.15) | 0.62 |
| PFHxS | 0.01 (–0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 (–0.05, 0.07) | 0.01 (–0.04, 0.05) | 0.86 |
| PFNA | 0.02 (–0.05, 0.08) | –0.03 (–0.12, 0.06) | 0.05 (–0.03, 0.14) | 0.22 |
| Sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | ||||
| PFOS | –0.10 (–0.36, 0.16) | –0.16 (–0.54, 0.21) | –0.04 (–0.40, 0.32) | 0.44 |
| PFOA | 0.19 (–0.12, 0.49) | 0.41 (–0.08, 0.90) | 0.04 (–0.36, 0.44) | 0.53 |
| PFHxS | 0.16 (0.01, 0.31) | 0.15 (–0.09, 0.38) | 0.18 (–0.03, 0.38) | 0.74 |
| PFNA | –0.01 (–0.28, 0.25) | –0.25 (–0.63, 0.13) | 0.18 (–0.20, 0.55) | 0.16 |
| Central adiposity | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| PFOS | 0.05 (–0.17, 0.27) | –0.02 (–0.36, 0.31) | 0.09 (–0.21, 0.38) | 0.61 |
| PFOA | 0.31 (0.04, 0.57) | 0.50 (0.06, 0.93) | 0.14 (–0.18, 0.47) | 0.24 |
| PFHxS | 0.03 (–0.10, 0.16) | 0.01 (–0.20, 0.22) | 0.04 (–0.13, 0.21) | 0.93 |
| PFNA | –0.01 (–0.23, 0.22) | –0.18 (–0.52, 0.15) | 0.12 (–0.18, 0.42) | 0.38 |
| Waist-to-hip circumference ratioa | ||||
| PFOS | 0.00 (–0.35, 0.34) | –0.16 (–0.69, 0.38) | 0.14 (–0.31, 0.58) | 0.67 |
| PFOA | 0.18 (–0.24, 0.59) | 0.49 (–0.22, 1.19) | –0.01 (–0.50, 0.49) | 0.13 |
| PFHxS | –0.01 (–0.22, 0.20) | 0.09 (–0.25, 0.42) | –0.06 (–0.32, 0.19) | 0.43 |
| PFNA | 0.19 (–0.17, 0.54) | 0.34 (–0.20, 0.88) | 0.12 (–0.34, 0.58) | 0.45 |
| Subscapular-to-triceps skinfold thickness ratioa | ||||
| PFOS | 0.25 (–0.70, 1.20) | 0.55 (–0.76, 1.86) | –0.01 (–1.40, 1.38) | 0.60 |
| PFOA | 0.55 (–0.58, 1.68) | 0.15 (–1.57, 1.88) | 0.88 (–0.67, 2.44) | 0.45 |
| PFHxS | –0.12 (–0.69, 0.45) | –0.34 (–1.16, 0.48) | 0.03 (–0.78, 0.83) | 0.43 |
| PFNA | 0.50 (–0.48, 1.47) | 0.51 (–0.82, 1.84) | 0.45 (–1.00, 1.91) | 0.85 |
| Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PFAS, perfluoroalkyl substance; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate. Effect estimates represent the mean change in the outcome for a change in PFAS concentrations from the 25th to the 75th percentile (or interquartile range). Models were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, prepregnancy BMI, timing of blood draw, household income, child sex and age at outcome assessment. Children with data on BMI and BMI z-score: 988 (522 boys and 466 girls); sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness and subscapular-to-triceps skinfold thickness ratio: 964 (509 boys and 455 girls); waist circumference: 992 (521 boys and 471 girls); and waist-to-hip circumference ratio: 987 (519 boys and 468 girls). aRatios were multiplied by 100 to make estimates interpretable. | ||||