Table 1. Current level of evidence for the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (cTACE).
| Investigators [year] | Study design | Anticancer agents (cTACE) | Control groups | Study cohort (n) | ECOG status | Extrahepatic lesions | Previous systemic chemotherapy | Adverse events (grade III/IV) | Median OS (mo from first cTACE) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gusani et al. [2008] | Retrospective | Gemcitabine, cisplatin, oxaliplatin | No | 42 | 0–1 | n=19 (45%) | N/A | Myocardial infarction (n=1), hepatic abscess (n=1), hyperbili-rubinemia (n=2), thrombocyto-penia (n=2), over sedation (n=1) | 9.1 | (20) |
| Herber et al. [2007] | Retrospective | Mitomycin-c | No | 15 | N/A | N/A | n=4 (27%) | Anaphylactic shock (7%), gastric ulceration (7%) | 16.3 | (21) |
| Scheuermann et al. [2013] | Retrospective | Mitomycin-c | Ctace (n=32) vs. surgery (n=130) vs. systemic chemotherapy (n=111) | 273 | N/A | No | N/A | Massive ascites (n=1), dissection or occlusion of the hepatic artery (n=2) | 11 | (22) |
| Park et al. [2011] | Retrospective | Cisplatin | cTACE (n=72) vs. supportive care (n=83) | 155 | 0–2 | n=39 (54%) in TACE group; n=50 (60%) in supportive care group | No | Haematological toxicity events (n=9, 13%), non-haematological toxicity events (n=17, 24%) | 12.2 | (23) |
| Shen et al. [2011] | Retrospective | Adjuvant: 5-FU, epirubicin, hydrocamptothecin, gemcitabine, carboplatin | Hepatic resection only (n=72) vs. adjuvant cTACE (n=53) | 125 | 0–1 | No | No | No | 12 | (14) |
| Yang et al. [2015] | Retrospective | Gemcitabine, oxaliplatin (ctace in combination with microwave ablation) | No | 26 | 0–2 | No | No | No | 19.5 | (24) |
| Vogl et al. [2012] | Prospective | Gemcitabine, mitomycin-c, cisplatin | No | 115 | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | 13 | (18) |
| Burger et al. [2005] | Prospective | Doxorubicin, cisplatin, mitomycin-c | No | 17 | 0–3 | n=5 (29%) | n=6 (35%) | Treatment-related mortality (6%), acute cholecystitis (n=1, 6%), ascites (n=1, 6%) | N/A (23 from diagnosis) | (9) |
| Kiefer et al. [2011] | Prospective | Doxorubicin, cisplatin, mitomycin-c | No | 62 | 0–2 | n=19 (31%) | n=18 (29%) | Pulmonary edema and elevated cardiac enzymes (n=1), pulmonary infarct (n=1), severe postembolization syndrome (n=1), hyper-glycemia (n=1), acute renal failure and dehydration postprocedure (n=1) | 15 | (13) |
OS, overall survival; mo, months; N/A, not available.