Table 3.

Summary of studies over the past 10 years reporting the effect of bladder and bowel dysfunction treatment with behavioural therapy, PFMR, and biofeedback on the rate of UTIs³⁸

Study (year)	Study design	Subjects	Treatment groups	Results
Amira et al (2013)39	Non-randomized, prospective study	72 girls with LUTS and/or constipation	Standard therapy plus animated biofeedback PFMR for all	78% free of UTI compared to baseline (p<0.001)
Zivkovic et al (2012)40	Non-randomized, prospective study 68% free of UTI compared to baseline (p< 0.0001)	43 children with DV	Standard therapy plus diaphragmatic breathing exercises and PFMR for all	68% free of UTI compared to baseline (p<0.0001)
Kajbafzadeh et al (2011)41	Randomized, controlled trial	80 children with DV and/or bowel dysfunction	Behavioural therapy plus animated biofeedback PFMR vs. behavioural therapy only	Overall, 71% free of UTI compared to baseline (p=0.02)
Vesna et al (2010)42	Randomized, controlled trial	86 children with DV	Standard therapy plus diaphragmatic breathing exercises and PFMR vs. standard therapy	86% and 72% free of UTI compared to baseline (p<0.001 and p<0.05)
Vasconcelos et al (2006)43	Randomized, clinical trial	59 children with LUTS and/or bowel dysfunction	24 PFM exercise sessions over 3 months vs. biofeedback PFMR sessions over 2 months	96 and 93% free of UTI compared to baseline (p=0.023 and p=0.004)

DV: dysfunctional voiding; LUTD: lower urinary tract dysfunction; PFMR: pelvic floor muscle retraining;UTI: urinary tract infection; VCUG: voiding cystourethrography; VUR: vesicoureteral reflux.