Table 2.

Fertility preservations options for male patients

Age	Modality		Indications	Barriers
Postpubertal	Sperm cryopreservation	Masturbation	All newly diagnosed patients vs. higher-risk group	Inability to produce a sperm sample sue to 1) cultural/personal issues (anxiety); 2) patient clinically unwell
		Electroejaculation	Patient is unable to produce a sample through masturbation	Requires specialized equipment and general anesthesia
	Direct sperm extraction (TESE) or tissue cryopreservation	Testicular biopsy	Aforementioned methods have failed	Requires general anesthesia and minor surgical procedure Lower success rates
Prepubertal	Testicular biopsy with tissue cryopreservation		Experimental	Requires general anesthesia and minor surgical procedure Ethical issues around consent, need for research, experimental nature, and uncertainty of long-term feasibility