TABLE 3.
Metabolic response to controlled U.S. versus traditional Mexican diet on serum biomarkers of disease risk stratified by Indigenous American (IA) ancestry tertiles as determined by Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs)1
| Biomarkers | n | U.S. diet | n | Traditional Mexican diet | Mean Diff. | P for diet effect within tertiles2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose,3 mg/dL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 87 ± 1.3 | 16 | 88 ± 1.4 | −1.6 | 0.30 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 90 ± 1.9 | 18 | 85 ± 2.0 | 4.0 | 0.08 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 93 ± 1.8 | 18 | 91 ± 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.13 |
| Insulin,4 μU/mL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 8.8 (7.1, 11) | 16 | 7.7 (6.2, 9.6) | 1.1 | 0.06 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 10.5 (8.8, 12.6) | 18 | 7.4 (6.2, 8.9) | 3.1 | 0.01 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 8.8 (7.3, 10.7) | 18 | 8.6 (7.2, 10.3) | 0.2 | 0.82 |
| HOMAIR4 | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) | 16 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 0.2 | 0.12 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 2.3 (1.9, 2.9) | 18 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.9) | 0.8 | 0.01 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 18 | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | 0.08 | 0.74 |
| IGF-1,3 ng/mL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 160 ± 6.0 | 16 | 160 ± 5.5 | -0.07 | 0.98 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 152 ± 4.0 | 18 | 142 ± 4.2 | 10.3 | 0.06 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 135 ± 4.6 | 18 | 130 ± 4.2 | 5.2 | 0.40 |
| IGFBP-3,3 ng/mL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 2577 ± 65 | 16 | 2468 ± 67 | 109 | 0.25 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 2455 ± 52 | 18 | 2327 ± 54 | 128 | 0.004 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 2255 ± 54 | 18 | 2166 ± 50 | 85 | 0.26 |
| IGF-1/ IGFBP-3 | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 16 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 | 0.21 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 18 | 6.1 ± 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.76 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 18 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | −0.1 | 0.61 |
| Adiponectin,4 μg/mL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 7.2 (6.7, 7.7) | 16 | 7.0 (6.5, 7.6) | 14.7 | 0.58 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 6.4 (5.8, 7.0) | 18 | 7.2 (6.6, 7.9) | −8.2 | 0.07 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 6.3 (5.8, 6.8) | 18 | 6.1 (5.6, 6.5) | 2.1 | 0.34 |
| hs-CRP,4 mg/L | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | 16 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | −0.002 | 0.98 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 18 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) | 0.2 | 0.71 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 18 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | −0.2 | 0.61 |
| IL-6,4 pg/mL | ||||||
| Lowest IA ancestry ≤45% | 16 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 16 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | −0.1 | 0.51 |
| Middle IA ancestry >45 to ≤62% | 18 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 18 | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 0.2 | 0.64 |
| Highest IA ancestry >62% | 17 | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) | 18 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 0.2 | 0.36 |
Abbreviations: HOMAIR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IA, Indigenous American Ancestry IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3, IGF-binding protein-3; IL-6, interleukin-6.
All regression models were adjusted for baseline and washout biomarker concentrations, diet sequence, feeding period, age, acculturation and BMI.
P values are from linear mixed models testing the intervention effect of the U.S. versus Traditional Mexican diet within IA ancestry tertiles.
Mean ± SEM
Geometric means (95% CI)