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Frog tongue projection. (a) Prey capture by Rana pipiens. Photos are separated by 0.03 s. (b) Tongue displacement during insect retraction, measured from the tongue tip, for failed insect capture (red triangles) and successful insect capture (black squares). Solid lines represent a sinusoidal fit. (c) Model of tongue using a mass–spring–damper system. (d) Finger retracted from the tongue surface showing its strong adhesion.
