Table 1.
Measures of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) processes in pediatric chronic pain.
| Measures | Description | Relations |
|---|---|---|
| Child Specific | ||
| Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire: Adolescent version (CPAQ-A; [60,61]) | 20 item self-report measure, adapted from the adult version [33]. Assesses two aspects of pain acceptance: (1) Activity Engagement and (2) Pain Willingness. Response options range from (0) never true to (4) always true. | Correlated with disability, depression, anxiety, self-efficacy. Not correlated with pain-specific variables (e.g., pain duration). |
| Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM; [58]) * | 10 item measure of mindfulness skills. Normed on four samples of school age children and adolescents. Response options range from (0) never true to (4) always true. | Correlated with quality of life, school and social functioning and mindfulness-inconsistent processes (e.g., externalizing behavior). |
| Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y; [57]) * | 17 item measure of psychological inflexibility for youth. There is also a validated eight-item short form of the AFQ-Y. | Scores for both versions correlated with child anxiety, somatic complaints, mindfulness, quality of life, and scholastic functioning. |
| Parent specific | ||
| Parent psychological flexibility measure (PPFQ; [43,62]) | 24 item measure to assess parental levels of psychological flexibility in responses to child’s pain symptoms. Items range from (0) never true to (6) always true. | Scores correlated with child disability, depression, and pain acceptance, as well as with parental response behaviors, as assessed by the Adult Responses to Child Symptoms (ARCS) measure [63]. |
| Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire: Parent report (CPAQ-P; [64]) | 16 item self-report measure of parent perceptions of child’s acceptance of pain, adapted from the adult CPAQ [33]. Same two subscales as the CPAQ-A. Response options range from (0) never true to (6) always true. | Scores correlated with child pain intensity and disability, as well as parent pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and maladaptive protective responses. |
| Parent Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (PPAQ; [42]) | 15 item self-report measure of parent’s own levels of acceptance towards their child’s pain. Adapted from the CPAQ-P [64]. Two sub-scales: (1) Activity Engagement and (2) Pain-related Thoughts and Feelings. | Scores correlated with child pain acceptance, pain-related fear, and pain catastrophizing, as well as parental maladaptive responses to pain and pain catastrophizing |
| Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (PAAQ [59]) * | 15 item self-report measure of experiential avoidance in relation to parenting. Two subscales: (1) Inaction and (2) Unwillingness | In preliminary validation, the PAAQ correlated with symptoms of child psychopathology and measures of controlling parental behaviors and affective expression. Predicted significant amounts of variance in parent and clinician ratings of child anxiety symptoms. |
* Not a pain specific ACT measure.