Table 3.
GHK and Genes Associated with Pain.
| UP | Gene | Percent Change in Gene Expression | Comments |
| 1 | OPRMI | 1294 | Opioid mu 1-High Affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphins |
| 2 | OPRL1 | 246 | Receptor for neuropeptide nociceptin |
| 3 | CCKAR | 190 | Cholecystokinin A receptor, cholecystokinin affects satiety, release of beta-endorphin and dopamine |
| 4 | CNR1 | 172 | Cannabinoid receptor, pain-reducing |
| 5 | SIGMAR1 | 155 | Non-opioid receptor |
| 6 | PNOC | 150 | Prepronociceptin, complex interactions with pain and anxiety induction |
| 7 | OXT | 136 | Ocytocin, bonding protein—gene also increases human chorionic gonadotropin |
| DOWN | Gene | Percent Change in Gene Expression | Comments |
| 1 | AMPA 3/GRIA3 | −126.00% | Glutamate receptor, retrograde endocannaboid signaling, nervous system |
| 2 | OPRK1 | −119.00% | Reduced cocaine effects |