Figure 1.

Antibody responses induced by the different magnetic gene complexes compared via different routes of administration. BALB/c mice (n = 5/group) were immunised 3 times (3 weeks apart) with SPIONs/PEI/DNA + HA, SPIONs/PEI/DNA, or naked DNA via intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration (naked DNA via i.p. only), with or without the application of an external magnetic field. Two weeks after the final immunisation (day 56), sera were collected and pooled from each group, and measured for total antigen-specific IgG production by ELISA assay, and antibody titres were calculated (see Methods section). Data represented as antibody titre mean ± SD of 2 individual experiments. Statistical significance was designated as *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, ((w/M) with magnet, (wo/M) without magnet).