Figure 4.

Antigen-specific T cell responses induced by the SPIONs/PEI/DNA + HA complexes in vivo. BALB/c mice (n = 5/group) were immunised 3 times (3 weeks apart) with SPIONs/PEI/DNA + HA or naked DNA, via i.p. and i.m. administration, with or without the application of an external magnetic field. Two weeks after the final immunisation (day 56), mice were humanely sacrificed, and splenocytes were harvested and assayed for antigen-specific T cell responses, measured by the induction of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 cytokine production, upon stimulation with the recall antigen (recombinant EcPyMSP1₁₉) in ELISpot assays. All data expressed as mean of spot-forming units (SFU)/million cells ± SD. (A) IFN-γ; (B) IL-4; (C) IL-17 responses. Statistical significance was designated as * p ≤ 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.