Figure 5.

Comparison of Power for common and rare diseases in epidemiological settings where the covariate contains three categories (nonsmoker, past smoker and current smoker). Misclassified outcome* stands for high sensitivity and specificity (Sensitivity=0.84, specificity=0.96 for common diseases; sensitivity=0.857, specificity=0.997 for rare diseases). Misclassified outcome† stands for low sensitivity and specificity (Sensitivity=0.665, specificity=0.819 for common diseases; sensitivity=0.707, specificity=0.988 for rare diseases). Covariate* stands for small amount of covariate misclassification (sensitivity and specificity were chosen as 0.98 and 0.97 for the first classifier and 0.94 and 0.92 for the second classifier). Covariate† stands for large amount of covariate misclassification (the sensitivity and specificity were set to be 0.31 and 0.91 for the first classifier and 0.84 and 0.51 for the second classifier).