Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study participants (N = 347).
| AD (n = 227) | aMCI (n = 44) | NC (n = 76) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 77.8 (4.9) *,† | 75.1 (5.6) | 73.1 (4.7) |
| Education, years | 9.9 (2.0) *,† | 10.8 (2.0) | 11.3 (2.3) |
| Barthel Index | 98.3 (4.1) * | 99.7 (1.3) | 99.5 (1.9) |
| Lawton Index | 5.9 (1.7) *,† | 7.3 (1.1) | 7.7 (0.7) |
| Telephone use | 0.97 (0.16) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.11) |
| Shopping | 0.51 (0.50) *,† | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.93 (0.25) |
| Food preparation | 0.49 (0.50) *,† | 0.90 (0.30) | 0.95 (0.22) |
| Housekeeping | 0.96 (0.20) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.11) |
| Laundry | 0.96 (0.18) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.11) |
| Mode of transportation | 0.68 (0.47) * | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.95 (0.22) |
| Responsibility for own medication | 0.41 (0.49) *,† | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.95 (0.22) |
| Ability to handle finances | 0.88 (0.32) *,† | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) |
| Cognitive function | |||
| Mini-Mental State Examination | 20.4 (3.5) *,† | 24.8 (2.6) * | 28.4 (1.9) |
| Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale | 17.3 (5.4) *,† | 10.3 (3.3) * | 5.3 (2.3) |
| WMS-R logical memory I | 3.4 (3.3) *,† | 6.5 (4.5) * | 17.8 (5.0) |
| WMS-R logical memory II | 0.5 (1.1) *,† | 1.7 (3.2) * | 12.6 (5.9) |
| Frontal Assessment Battery | 9.5 (2.6) *,† | 11.5 (2.8) * | 13.2 (2.5) |
| Digit span forwards | 5.1 (1.0) * | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.7 (1.1) |
| Digit span backwards | 3.2 (0.9) * | 3.6 (0.8) | 4.0 (1.1) |
| Mood disturbance | |||
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 4.4 (2.6) | 3.8 (2.5) | 4.6 (3.1) |
| Vitality Index | 9.0 (1.1) *,† | 9.8 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.6) |
| Mobility function | |||
| Fall Risk Index | 5.6 (3.8) † | 3.9 (3.3) | 4.6 (3.6) |
| Timed Up and Go, sec | 11.2 (3.8) *,† | 10.1 (3.6) | 9.4 (3.0) |
| Grip strength, kg | 17.6 (5.5) *,† | 20.9 (3.7) | 20.8 (5.2) |
| MR imaging | |||
| IC, mL | 1322.6 (95.5) * | 1350.5 (104.4) | 1368.0 (101.6) |
| WMH, mL, % of IC | 18.0 (17.9) *,†, 1.36% | 13.1 (16.6), 0.97% | 7.3 (8.4), 0.54% |
| Frontal lobe, mL, % of IC | 10.2 (9.8) *,†, 0.77% | 6.9 (7.7), 0.52% | 4.3 (4.4), 0.32% |
| Temporal lobe, mL, % of IC | 1.2 (1.4) *,†, 0.09% | 1.1 (2.3), 0.08% | 0.4 (0.6), 0.03% |
| Occipital lobe, mL, % of IC | 0.5 (0.8) *, 0.04% | 0.5 (0.7), 0.04% | 0.3 (0.5), 0.02% |
| Parietal lobe, mL, % of IC | 6.1 (7.1) *,†, 0.46% | 4.6 (6.9), 0.34% | 2.2 (4.0), 0.17% |
| Periventricular area, mL, % of IC | 17.0 (17.5) *,†, 1.28% | 12.1 (15.9), 0.90% | 6.6 (8.0), 0.49% |
| Deep subcortical areas, mL, % of IC | 1.1 (1.4) *, 0.08% | 1.0 (1.4), 0.08% | 0.7 (1.0), 0.05% |
| PAR, mL, % of IC | 989.4 (78.3) *,†, 74.8% | 1035.3 (87.1), 76.7% | 1044.4 (83.8), 76.4% |
| CSF, mL, % of IC | 333.7 (47.3) *,†, 25.2% | 315.6 (47.2), 23.4% | 323.5 (50.1), 23.6% |
| VCL, mL, % of IC | 57.3 (19.3) *,†, 4.32% | 47.5 (14.9), 3.50% | 50.6 (20.9), 3.69% |
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). Patients were divided into three groups: Alzheimer disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and normal cognition (NC). Data of MR imaging for NC was from 68 participants.
*p < 0.05, versus NC.
†p < 0.05, versus aMCI (Kruskal-Wallis test).
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IC, intracranial; MR, magnetic resonance; NC, normal cognition; PAR, parenchyma; VCL, ventricular; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.