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. 2017 Mar 9;2(5):e90780. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.90780

Figure 1. Bile acids stimulate chemokine mRNA expression in both human and mouse hepatocytes.

Figure 1

(A) Mouse hepatocytes (mH) and nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) were treated with 100 μM taurocholic acid (TCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), or LPS for 6 hours. Results are the mean ± SD, n ≥ 4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. medium control (Ctrl) . (B) Bile acid–induced cytokine expression in mouse hepatocytes was time (100 μM TCA) and dose dependent. Hepatocytes were treated for 6 hours to demonstrate dose dependency of Ccl2 expression and 24 hours to show dose dependency for expression of Cxcl2 (mean ± SD, n ≥ 4). (C) A number of different major vertebrate-endogenous bile salts also induced Cxcl2 mRNA expression in mouse hepatocytes (24-hour treatment, mean ± SD, *P < 0.05 vs. Ctrl, n ≥ 4). CPS, cryprinol sulfate; GCA, glycocholic acid; GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; PZS, petromyzonol sulfate; SMS, scymnol sulfate; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDHCA, taurodehydrocholic acid. (D) GCDCA (50 μM, 24 hours) induced chemokine mRNA expression in human hepatocytes. Data presented as fold change by defining medium control as 1 (mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Ctrl, n ≥ 5) by 1-way ANOVA.