Figure 2. Bile acids stimulate hepatocyte release of proinflammatory cytokines that function as chemoattractants for neutrophils.

(A) Elevated protein levels of Ccl2 and Cxcl2 were detected in the media of taurocholic acid–treated (TCA-treated) mouse hepatocytes (mHs) but not from mouse nonparenchymal cells (mNPCs) after a 24-hour treatment. *P < 0.05 vs. medium control (MedCtrl), n = 4. (B) Culture medium from TCA-treated hepatocytes but not NPC-stimulated migration of mouse neutrophils across transwell membranes. TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. MedCtrl, n ≥ 4 by 1-way ANOVA.