Table 1.
Characteristics of the gestational diabetes mellitus and control groups†
| Normal | GDM | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 214 | 41 | ||
| Age (years) | 28.7 ± 3.7 | 31.0 ± 3.0 | <0.001 | |
| Height (m) | 1.60 ± 0.05 | 1.60 ± 0.04 | 0.719 | |
| Weight (kg) | Pre‐pregnancy | 53.3 ± 9.1 | 59.1 ± 17.1 | 0.004 |
| Increase during pregnancy | 15.4 ± 7.8 | 16.0 ± 15.3 | 0.940 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Pre‐pregnancy | 21.0 ± 2.9 | 23.3 ± 4.4 | 0.003 |
| Increase during pregnancy | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 5.7 ± 4.0 | 0.330 | |
| Body circumference (cm) | Neck | 33.89 ± 2.04 | 35.20 ± 2.56 | 0.003 |
| Waist | 97.95 ± 6.25 | 103.16 ± 8.00 | <0.001 | |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | SBP | 117.7 ± 9.9 | 117.8 ± 11.1 | 0.971 |
| DBP | 73.4 ± 7.5 | 73.0 ± 8.3 | 0.762 | |
| FBG (mmol/L) | Fasting | 4.18 ± 0.44 | 4.86 ± 0.81 | <0.001 |
| 1 h | 7.37 ± 1.30 | 10.29 ± 1.82 | <0.001 | |
| 2 h | 6.41 ± 1.12 | 8.95 ± 1.81 | <0.001 | |
| Blood tests‡ | Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.91 ± 0.92 | 2.47 ± 1.10 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 7.20 ± 21.17 | 5.51 ± 1.23 | 0.610 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.15 ± 0.36 | 5.81 ± 0.54 | <0.001 | |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 326.52 ± 81.45 | 340.41 ± 87.18 | 0.324 | |
| Albumin (μmol/L) | 36.66 ± 21.38 | 34.26 ± 2.45 | 0.475 |
†Each study participant underwent a physical examination at gestational week 16, during which participants faced the investigator while relaxing their shoulders during measurements. ‡Blood samples were collected at gestational week 24, and were analyzed at the Biochemistry Laboratory of Third Hospital Affiliated of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure.