Table 1.

Macronutrient and amino acid compositions of human milk (HM), human colostrum (HC), and bovine colostrum (BC), and recommendations (17) for the concentrations of nutrients in preterm infant formula.

	HMa	HCa	BCb	LSRO/ASNS
Carbohydrate (g·l−1)	67–78	44–59	33	9.6–12.5 (g·100kcal–1)
Lipid (g·l−1)	32–36	20–29	35	4.4–5.7 (g·100kcal–1)
Protein (g·l−1)	9–12	11–32	83	2.5–3.6 (g·100kcal–1)
Whey (g·l−1)	6–7.2	4.3–11.1	57
Casein (g·l−1)	4–4.8	3.0–5.6	26
Amino acids (mg·g−1 protein)
Cysteine	20	40	16	34c
Histidine	23	23	26	21
Isoleucine	53	36	44	52
Leucine	104	91	90	102
Lysine	71	59	73	73
Methionine	16	13	19	See cysteine
Phenylalanine	37	43	45	78c
Threonine	44	55	59	45
Tryptophan	ND	NDa	19	15
Tyrosine	46	44	54	See phenylalanine
Valine	51	54	63	53
Arginine	36	55	41	29

LSRO, Life Sciences Research Organization; ASNS, American Society for Nutritional Sciences.

^aValues are based on Ref. (9, 18, 20); ND, not determined in the reference study.

^bCarbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid compositions were calculated based on the product specifications of ColoDan BC powder provided by Biofiber Damino (Gesten, Denmark). Levels of whey and casein were measured at Department of Food Science (University of Copenhagen) by Milkoscan (FOSS, Hilleroed, Denmark) before and after casein removal.

^cMethionine and cysteine, and phenylalanine and tyrosine are listed in combination. The ratio of each of these combinations of amino acids should not exceed 2:1 or 1:2 without appropriate testing for adequacy.