Table 2.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression analysis showing the association of whole grain consumption (yes vs no) with different predictor variables
| Adults/older adults | Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI)a |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Females versus males | 2.09 (1.73–2.52) | 1.78 (1.44–2.21)* |
| Age class | ||
| 18–64.9 versus ≥65 years | 1.42 (1.11–1.81) | 1.42 (1.07–1.87)* |
| Geographical area | ||
| North-West versus South and Islands | 2.42 (1.92–3.04) | 2.15 (1.68–2.76)* |
| North-East versus South and Islands | 1.23 (0.97–1.66) | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) |
| Centre versus South and Islands | 1.82 (1.41–2.35) | 1.54 (1.14–2.07)* |
| Dieting | ||
| Yes versus no | 1.87 (1.50–2.33) | 1.49 (1.16–1.91)* |
| Sedentary time | ||
| <4 versus ≥4 h/d | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.75 (0.60–0.95)* |
| Use of fortified foods | ||
| Never/sometimes versus always | 0.34 (0.18–0.65) | 0.37 (0.19–0.75)* |
| Often versus always | 0.65 (0.32–1.31) | 0.54 (0.25–1.16) |
| Knowledge of food–health relationship | ||
| Do not know/poor versus good | 0.44 (0.33–0.58) | 0.65 (0.47–0.89)* |
| Sufficient versus good | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) |
| Reading food labels | ||
| Never/rarely versus often/always | 0.50 (0.41–0.60) | 0.73 (0.59–0.91)* |
* Wald Chi-square test for individual parameters are significantly different from zero (P value <0.05)
aVariables are mutually adjusted