Table 4.
Individual PPCs and Clinical Outcomes
| Individual PPCs | All Patients (n = 1202) |
Hospital | ICU | 7-d Mortality (n = 9) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, No. (%) (n = 1179) |
LOS, Median (IQR), d |
Patients, No. (%) (n = 270) |
LOS, Median (IQR), d |
|||
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| Yes | 22 (1.8) | 22 (100.0) | 12.0 (7.0–21.0)a | 10 (45.5)b | 6.1 (3.0–9.0)c | 2 (9.1)b |
| No | 1180 (98.2) | 1157 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 260 (22.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 7 (0.6) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 8.00 (2.44–15.68) | 2.06 (1.29–3.30) | 4.0 (0.95–7.11) | 15.3 (3.4–69.4) |
| Pneumothorax | ||||||
| Yes | 4 (0.3) | 4 (100.0) | 6.7 (5.0–10.7) | 2 (50.0) | 1.3 (0.5–2.0) | 0 (0) |
| No | 1188 (99.7) | 1175 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.1–7.0) | 268 (22.4) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 9 (0.8) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.0 (1.0–8.81) | 2.24 (0.83–5.99) | −1.50d | NDd |
| Atelectasis | ||||||
| Yes | 206 (17.1) | 206 (100.0)b | 7.4 (5.0–13.0)a | 87 (42.2)a | 3.0 (1.8–6.0)a | 9 (4.4)a |
| No | 996 (82.9) | 973 (97.7) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 183 (18.4) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 3.29 (0.56–6.81) | 2.30 (1.87–2.83) | 1.0 (0.87–3.25) | NDd |
| Pleural effusion | ||||||
| Yes | 116 (9.7) | 115 (99.1) | 8.4 (5.0–16.0)a | 61 (52.6)a | 3.6 (2.0–7.0)a | 8 (7.0)a |
| No | 1086 (90.3) | 1064 (98.0) | 4.0 (2.0 to 6.3) | 209 (19.2) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1 (0.1) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 4.38 (0.52–9.17) | 2.73 (2.21–3.38) | 1.56 (−0.07 to 4.32) | 75.3 (9.5–597.0) |
| Bronchospasm | ||||||
| Yes | 13 (1.1) | 13 (100.0) | 4.0 (2.8–7.0) | 2 (15.4) | 4.5 (2.0–7.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 1189 (98.9) | 1166 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.1–7.0) | 268 (22.5) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 9 (0.8) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0 (−1.26 to 33.12) | 0.68 (0.19–2.45) | 0d | NDd |
| ARDS | ||||||
| Yes | 2 (0.2) | 2 (100.0) | 17.0 (7.5–26.4) | 2 (100.0) | 6.9 (6.3–7.5)b | 1 (50.0)b |
| No | 1200 (99.8) | 1177 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.1–7.0) | 268 (22.3) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 8 (0.7) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 3.50d | 4.48 (4.03–4.98) | 4.25d | 74.8 (15.9–351.6) |
| Respiratory dysfunction requiring prolonged (>1 d) postoperative O2 by NC | ||||||
| Yes | 235 (19.6) | 235 (100.0)b | 6.0 (4.0–9.7)a | 72 (30.6)a | 3.0 (2.0–6.0)a | 1 (0.4) |
| No | 967 (80.4) | 944 (97.6) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 198 (20.5) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 8 (0.8) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 2.0 (2.0–4.38) | 1.5 (1.19–1.88) | 1.0 (0.48–2.89) | 0.51 (0.06–4.08) |
| Respiratory dysfunction requiring prolonged (>1 d) postoperative O2 by face mask | ||||||
| Yes | 12 (1.0) | 12 (100.0) | 14.5 (5.6–23.0)a | 10 (83.3)a | 6.6 (3.0–11.0)a | 0 (0) |
| No | 1190 (99.0) | 1167 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 260 (21.8) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 9 (0.8) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 7.0 (1.97–18.76) | 3.81 (2.90–5.02) | 4.15 (0.95–9.38) | NDd |
| Postoperative-noninvasive ventilation | ||||||
| Yes | 46 (3.8) | 44 (95.7) | 6.0 (3.0–9.5)b | 16 (34.8)b | 6.1 (2.5–7.5)a | 2 (4.3)b |
| No | 1156 (96.2) | 1135 (98.2) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 254 (22.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.8) | 7 (0.6) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | 2.0 (−1.52 to 5.74) | 1.58 (1.05–2.39) | 4.0 (1.18–5.82) | 7.2 (1.5–33.5) |
| Reintubation + postoperative mechanical ventilation | ||||||
| Yes | 21 (1.7) | 21 (100.0) | 21.0 (9.0–26.0)a | 19 (90.5)a | 7.0 (5.0–11.6)a | 3 (14.3)a |
| No | 1181 (98.3) | 1158 (98.1) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 251 (21.3) | 2.0 (1.0–3.5) | 6 (0.5) |
| RR or MDiff (95% CI) | NA | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 17.0 (5.14–22.40) | 4.26 (3.57–5.08) | 5.0 (4.09–9.37) | 28.0 (7.5–104.6) |
Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay; MDiff, median difference; O2, oxygen; NA, not applicable; NC, nasal cannula; ND, not defined; O2, oxygen; PPC, postoperative pulmonary complication; RR, relative risk.
a
P < .001 yes vs no for individual PPCs.
b
P < .05
c
P < .01
d
RR or MDiff (95% CI) calculated as not defined or not calculated.