Table 4.
Certification and research responses
| Country | Research requirement for residency | If yes, describe research requirement | Type of certifying exam required | Number of MRI scanners | Percentage of radiology procedures by non-radiologists |
| Armenia | No | --- | Oral | 6-10 | --- |
| Austria | Yes | 9-mo research | Written and oral | > 100 | 15%-20% |
| Bulgaria | No | --- | Oral | 10-50 | > 20% |
| Croatia | Yes | Indexed publication | Written and oral | 10-50 | --- |
| Denmark | Yes | 1-mo research | Oral | 10-50 | 0%-5% |
| Estonia | No | --- | Oral | --- | --- |
| Greece | Yes | --- | Written and oral | --- | --- |
| Hungary | No | --- | Written and oral | 5-10 | --- |
| Italy | Yes | At least one research project | Written and oral | > 100 | 0%-5% |
| Lithuania | Yes | Research presentation | Written and oral | 10-50 | --- |
| Malta | No | --- | Written and oral | 6-10 | --- |
| Norway | --- | --- | --- | > 100 | --- |
| Poland | No | --- | Written and oral | > 100 | 15%-20% |
| Portugal | No | --- | Oral | 51-100 | > 20% |
| Romania | No | --- | Written and oral | < 5 | --- |
| Serbia | No | --- | Written and oral | 10-50 | 5%-10% |
| Slovakia | No | --- | Written and oral | 10-50 | --- |
| Slovenia | Yes | At least one publication during residency | Written and oral | 10-50 | 10%-15% |
| Spain | No | --- | Written | > 100 | 10%-15% |
| Sweden | Yes | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Switzerland | No | --- | Written and oral | 51-100 | > 20% |
| United Kingdom | Yes | Basic research competency | Written and oral | > 100 | > 20% |