Table 1.
Characteristics of study respondents n = 1817.
| Variable | Total Sample | Women | Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Smokers | Non-Smokers | p | Total | Smokers | Non-Smokers | p | ||
| Overall | n = 1817 | n = 1224 | n = 362 (29.6%) | n = 862 (70.4%) | n = 593 | n = 313 (52.8%) | n = 280 (47.2%) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 18–29 | 209 (11.5) | 160 (76.6) | 45 (28.1) | 115 (71.9) | p > 0.05 | 49 (23.4) | 30 (61.2) | 19 (38.8) | p > 0.05 |
| 30–39 | 778 (42.8) | 566 (72.8) | 151 (26.7) | 415 (73.3) | 212 (27.2) | 102 (48.1) | 110 (51.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 601 (33.1) | 385 (64.1) | 129 (33.5) | 256 (66.5) | 216 (35.9) | 111 (51.4) | 105 (48.6) | ||
| 50–59 | 229 (12.6) | 113 (49.3) | 37 (32.7) | 76 (67.3) | 116 (50.7) | 70 (60.3) | 46 (39.7) | ||
| Education | |||||||||
| primary | 493 (27.7) | 283 (57.4) | 113 (39.9) | 170 (60.1) | p < 0.0001 | 210 (42.6) | 137 (65.2) | 73 (34.8) | p < 0.0001 |
| vocational | 586 (32.9) | 351 (59.9) | 113 (32.2) | 238 (67.8) | 235 (40.1) | 128 (54.5) | 107 (45.5) | ||
| secondary | 606 (34.0) | 475 (78.4) | 122 (25.7) | 353 (74.3) | 131 (21.6) | 43 (32.8) | 88 (67.2) | ||
| high | 96 (5.4) | 88 (91.7) | 7 (8.0) | 81 (92.0) | 8 (8.3) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | ||
| Missing data | 36 (2.0) | 27 (2.2) | 7 (1.9) | 20 (2.3) | 9 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | 5 (1.8) | ||
| Employment status | |||||||||
| permanent job | 533 (29.5) | 310 (58.2) | 79 (25.5) | 231 (74.5) | p > 0.05 | 223 (41.8) | 82 (36.8) | 141 (63.2) | p < 0.0001 |
| temporary job | 156 (8.6) | 85 (54.5) | 34 (40.0) | 51 (60.0) | 71 (45.5) | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | ||
| disabled or retired | 54 (3.0) | 26 (48.1) | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 28 (51.9) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | ||
| student | 2 (0.1) | 2 (100.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| unemployed | 1060 (58.7) | 793 (74.8) | 241 (30.4) | 552 (69.6) | 267 (25.2) | 167 (62.5) | 100 (37.5) | ||
| Missing data | 12 (0.7) | 8 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | ||
| Subjective assessment of monthly income | |||||||||
| sufficient to cover all living needs plus may save a certain amount | 20 (1.1) | 16 (80.0) | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | p < 0.0001 | 4 (20.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | p < 0.0001 |
| sufficient to cover all living needs | 198 (10.9) | 143 (72.2) | 26 (18.2) | 117 (81.8) | 55 (27.8) | 14 (25.5) | 41 (74.5) | ||
| sufficient to cover basic needs only | 933 (51.5) | 650 (69.7) | 193 (29.7) | 457 (70.3) | 283 (30.3) | 142 (50.2) | 141 (49.8) | ||
| not sufficient to cover even the basic needs | 454 (25.1) | 266 (58.6) | 101 (38.0) | 165 (62.0) | 188 (41.4) | 125 (66.5) | 63 (33.5) | ||
| Declined response | 64 (3.5) | 42 (65.6) | 7 (16.7) | 35 (83.3) | 22 (34.4) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | ||
| difficult to say | 141 (7.8) | 101 (71.6) | 32 (31.7) | 69 (68.3) | 40 (28.4) | 21 (52.5) | 19 (47.5) | ||
| Missing data | 7 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Subjective health state | |||||||||
| fair | 632 (35.0) | 434 (35.6) | 112 (25.8) | 322 (74.2) | p > 0.05 | 198 (34.3) | 107 (54.0) | 91 (46.0) | p > 0.05 |
| rather fair | 559 (31.0) | 405 (33.6) | 121 (29.9) | 284 (60.1) | 154 (26.2) | 77 (50.0) | 77 (50.0) | ||
| neither fair nor poor | 420 (23.3) | 275 (22.6) | 89 (32.4) | 186 (67.6) | 145 (24.7) | 78 (53.8) | 67 (46.2) | ||
| rather poor | 141 (7.8) | 80 (6.6) | 31 (38.7) | 49 (61.3) | 61 (10.4) | 30 (49.2) | 31 (50.8) | ||
| poor | 53 (2.9) | 24 (2.0) | 7 (29.2) | 17 (60.8) | 29 (4.9) | 20 (69.0) | 9 (31.0) | ||
| Missing data | 12 (0.7) | 6 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.8) | ||
| Number of health problems | |||||||||
| none | 245 (13.7) | 137 (11.4) | 35 (25.5) | 102 (74.5) | p > 0.05 | 108 (18.4) | 61 (56.5) | 47 (43.5) | p > 0.05 |
| 1–3 health problems | 968 (54.3) | 645 (53.8) | 176 (27.3) | 469 (72.7) | 323 (55.1) | 176 (54.5) | 147 (45.5) | ||
| 4–6 health problems | 469 (26.3) | 344 (28.7) | 115 (33.4) | 229 (66.6) | 125 (21.3) | 58 (46.4) | 67 (53.6) | ||
| ≥ 7 health problems | 102 (5.7) | 72 (6.0) | 24 (33.3) | 48 (66.7) | 30 (5.1) | 13 (43.3) | 17 (56.7) | ||
| Missing data | 33 (1.8) | 26 (2.1) | 12 (2.1) | 14 (1.6) | 7 (1.2) | 5 (1.6) | 2 (0.7) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
| do not drink at all | 803 (47.0) | 638 (54.9) | 170 (26.4) | 468 (73.6) | p < 0.05 | 165 (30.2) | 74 (44.8) | 91 (55.2) | p < 0.05 |
| moderate drinking and heavy drinking | 903 (52.9) | 524 (45.1) | 170 (32.4) | 354 (67.6) | 379 (69.4) | 206 (54.4) | 173 (45.6) | ||
| Missing data | 109 (6.0) | 62 (5.1) | 22 (6.1) | 40 (4.6) | 47 (7.9) | 31 (9.9) | 16 (5.7) | ||
| Awareness of smoking-associated health risks | |||||||||
| yes | 1677 (92.4) | 1147 (93.9) | 320 (27.9) | 827 (72.1) | p < 0.0001 | 530 (89.5) | 274 (51.7) | 256(48.3) | p > 0.05 |
| no | 137 (7.6) | 75 (6.1) | 41 (54.7) | 34 (35.3) | 62 (10.5) | 39 (62.9) | 23 (37.1) | ||
| Missing data | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Use of e-cigarettes | |||||||||
| past use | 127 (7.0) | 70 (5.7) | 53 (75.7) | 17 (24.3) | p < 0.0001 | 57 (9.6) | 47 (82.5) | 10 (17.5) | p < 0.0001 |
| current use | 42 (2.3) | 21 (1.7) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | 21 (3.5) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | ||
| never use | 1642 (90.7) | 1129 (92.5) | 292 (25.9) | 837 (74.1) | 513 (86.8) | 250 (48.7) | 263 (51.3) | ||
| Missing data | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | ||
| ETS exposure (total number of hours per day) | |||||||||
| 0 | 1041 (57.6) | 744 (61.1) | 149 (20.0) | 595 (80.0) | p < 0.0001 | 297 (50.2) | 100 (33.7) | 197 (66.3) | p < 0.0001 |
| <1h | 390 (21.6) | 268 (22.0) | 109 (40.7) | 159 (59.3) | 122 (20.4) | 70 (57.4) | 52 (42.6) | ||
| 1–5h | 162 (9.0) | 90 (7.4) | 32 (35.6) | 58 (64.4) | 72 (12.2) | 55 (76.4) | 17 (23.6) | ||
| 5–8h | 76 (4.2) | 44 (3.6) | 21 (47.7) | 23 (52.3) | 32 (5.4) | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.3) | ||
| More than 8h | 140 (7.7) | 72 (5.9) | 48 (66.7) | 24 (33.3) | 68 (11.5) | 64 (94.1) | 4 (5.9) | ||
| Missing data | 8 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
ETS: Environmental Tobacco Smoke.