Table 6.
Correlated random-effects ordered logit model for with economic deprivation—All countries (Log-likelihood = −71,673.350 ; ICC = 0.532; AIC = 143,488.7; BIC = 144,070.89).
| Odds Ratio | St. Err. | z-Value | p-Value | Inf95% | Sup95% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employment status (ref.: Full-time permanent) | ||||||
| Part-time permanent | 0.900 | 0.050 | −1.900 | 0.058 | 0.807 | 1.004 |
| Full-time temporary | 0.913 | 0.047 | −1.780 | 0.075 | 0.826 | 1.009 |
| Part-time temporary | 0.987 | 0.099 | −0.130 | 0.898 | 0.811 | 1.202 |
| Unemployed | 0.883 | 0.048 | −2.270 | 0.023 | 0.793 | 0.983 |
| Self-employed | 1.081 | 0.085 | 0.990 | 0.323 | 0.927 | 1.260 |
| Other | 0.984 | 0.052 | −0.320 | 0.752 | 0.887 | 1.090 |
| Country (ref.: Sweden) | ||||||
| Austria | 1.232 | 0.192 | 1.340 | 0.181 | 0.908 | 1.671 |
| Belgium | 0.564 | 0.087 | −3.720 | 0.000 | 0.417 | 0.763 |
| Bulgaria | 0.377 | 0.058 | −6.380 | 0.000 | 0.279 | 0.509 |
| Cyprus | 2.198 | 0.362 | 4.780 | 0.000 | 1.592 | 3.037 |
| Czech Republic | 0.277 | 0.042 | −8.520 | 0.000 | 0.206 | 0.372 |
| Denmark | 0.561 | 0.113 | −2.870 | 0.004 | 0.377 | 0.833 |
| Estonia | 0.117 | 0.022 | −11.510 | 0.000 | 0.081 | 0.169 |
| Finland | 5.085 | 0.806 | 10.260 | 0.000 | 3.727 | 6.937 |
| France | 0.252 | 0.049 | −7.150 | 0.000 | 0.173 | 0.368 |
| Greece | 0.367 | 0.050 | −7.410 | 0.000 | 0.281 | 0.479 |
| Iceland | 2.241 | 0.480 | 3.770 | 0.000 | 1.473 | 3.412 |
| Italy | 0.149 | 0.021 | −13.480 | 0.000 | 0.113 | 0.196 |
| Latvia | 0.038 | 0.006 | −19.480 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.052 |
| Lithuania | 0.031 | 0.005 | −20.560 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
| Luxembourg | 0.296 | 0.042 | −8.620 | 0.000 | 0.224 | 0.390 |
| Malta | 0.282 | 0.044 | −8.060 | 0.000 | 0.207 | 0.384 |
| The Netherlands | 0.449 | 0.072 | −4.990 | 0.000 | 0.328 | 0.615 |
| Norway | 0.472 | 0.075 | −4.740 | 0.000 | 0.346 | 0.644 |
| Poland | 0.181 | 0.026 | −11.840 | 0.000 | 0.137 | 0.240 |
| Portugal | 0.055 | 0.009 | −18.260 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.075 |
| Romania | 1.005 | 0.157 | 0.030 | 0.977 | 0.739 | 1.366 |
| Slovakia | 0.271 | 0.040 | −8.750 | 0.000 | 0.202 | 0.363 |
| Slovenia | 0.210 | 0.035 | −9.470 | 0.000 | 0.152 | 0.290 |
| Spain | 0.193 | 0.030 | −10.720 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.260 |
| United Kingdom | 0.981 | 0.207 | −0.090 | 0.928 | 0.648 | 1.484 |
| Log-income | 0.989 | 0.030 | −0.360 | 0.718 | 0.932 | 1.049 |
| Female | 0.833 | 0.025 | −6.080 | 0.000 | 0.785 | 0.883 |
| Age at baseline | 0.431 | 0.006 | −56.930 | 0.000 | 0.419 | 0.444 |
| Squared age | 1.060 | 0.012 | 5.070 | 0.000 | 1.036 | 1.084 |
| Education (ref.: primary) | ||||||
| secondary | 1.124 | 0.040 | 3.310 | 0.001 | 1.049 | 1.204 |
| tertiary | 1.430 | 0.060 | 8.530 | 0.000 | 1.317 | 1.553 |
| Marital status (ref.: cohab. with legal basis) | ||||||
| cohab. without legal basis | 0.933 | 0.044 | −1.470 | 0.143 | 0.850 | 1.024 |
| single | 1.089 | 0.040 | 2.300 | 0.022 | 1.013 | 1.171 |
| Unempl. country-by-year | 1.016 | 0.005 | 3.280 | 0.001 | 1.006 | 1.026 |
| Year (ref.: 2009) | ||||||
| 2010 | 0.990 | 0.022 | −0.45 | 0 0.650 | 0.948 | 1.034 |
| 2011 | 0.988 | 0.022 | −0.57 | 0 0.570 | 0.946 | 1.031 |
| 2012 | 0.967 | 0.021 | −1.52 | 0 0.128 | 0.926 | 1.010 |
| Var. to control correlated random-effects | ||||||
| Avg. income | 1.429 | 0.060 | 8.520 | 0.000 | 1.316 | 1.551 |
| Emp. 2009 | 1.033 | 0.021 | 1.640 | 0.100 | 0.994 | 1.075 |
| Emp. 2010 | 1.034 | 0.025 | 1.400 | 0.162 | 0.987 | 1.083 |
| Emp. 2011 | 0.940 | 0.022 | −2.620 | 0.009 | 0.897 | 0.985 |
| Emp. 2012 | 1.007 | 0.020 | 0.330 | 0.739 | 0.968 | 1.047 |
| Ability to make ends meet (ref.: with difficulty) | ||||||
| with some difficulty | 0.921 | 0.027 | −2.770 | 0.006 | 0.869 | 0.976 |
| fairly easily | 1.082 | 0.041 | 2.080 | 0.037 | 1.005 | 1.165 |
| easily | 1.395 | 0.063 | 7.360 | 0.000 | 1.276 | 1.524 |
| Arrears on mortgage | 0.999 | 0.058 | −0.020 | 0.985 | 0.891 | 1.119 |
| Arrears on utility bills | 0.891 | 0.036 | −2.810 | 0.005 | 0.823 | 0.966 |
| Arrears on loan payments | 0.883 | 0.052 | −2.100 | 0.036 | 0.786 | 0.992 |
| Annual holiday | 1.186 | 0.034 | 5.990 | 0.000 | 1.122 | 1.254 |
| Meal with meat, chicken, fish | 1.163 | 0.047 | 3.710 | 0.000 | 1.074 | 1.259 |
| Unexpected financial exp. | 1.139 | 0.032 | 4.600 | 0.000 | 1.077 | 1.203 |
| Telephone (ref.: Yes) | ||||||
| No-cannot afford | 1.153 | 0.160 | 1.030 | 0.303 | 0.879 | 1.513 |
| No-other reasons | 1.096 | 0.140 | 0.720 | 0.472 | 0.853 | 1.409 |
| Color TV (ref.: Yes) | ||||||
| No-cannot afford | 0.791 | 0.162 | −1.140 | 0.253 | 0.529 | 1.182 |
| No-other reasons | 0.983 | 0.113 | −0.150 | 0.884 | 0.785 | 1.232 |
| Washing machine (ref.: Yes) | ||||||
| No-cannot afford | 1.281 | 0.148 | 2.150 | 0.032 | 1.022 | 1.606 |
| No-other reasons | 1.149 | 0.125 | 1.280 | 0.200 | 0.929 | 1.423 |
| Car (ref.: Yes) | ||||||
| No-cannot afford | 0.935 | 0.046 | −1.370 | 0.171 | 0.849 | 1.029 |
| No-other reasons | 0.893 | 0.046 | −2.210 | 0.027 | 0.808 | 0.987 |
| Heating | 1.250 | 0.047 | 5.870 | 0.000 | 1.160 | 1.347 |
| Leaking roof | 0.743 | 0.023 | −9.730 | 0.000 | 0.700 | 0.789 |
| Financial burden of housing costs (ref.: A heavy burden) | ||||||
| A slight burden | 1.030 | 0.026 | 1.190 | 0.233 | 0.981 | 1.081 |
| Not burden at all | 1.228 | 0.045 | 5.590 | 0.000 | 1.142 | 1.319 |
| Computer (ref.: Yes) | ||||||
| No-cannot afford | 0.929 | 0.050 | −1.390 | 0.165 | 0.836 | 1.031 |
| No-other reasons | 0.861 | 0.037 | −3.540 | 0.000 | 0.792 | 0.935 |
| Threshold 1 | −11.447 | 0.258 | −44.390 | 0.000 | −11.952 | −10.941 |
| Threshold 2 | −9.384 | 0.181 | −51.960 | 0.000 | −9.738 | −9.030 |
| Threshold 3 | −4.326 | 0.158 | −27.300 | 0.000 | −4.637 | −4.015 |
| Threshold 4 | 1.147 | 0.157 | 7.300 | 0.000 | 0.840 | 1.455 |
| 3.736 | 0.065 | 3.612 | 3.865 | |||