Table 2.
Neighborhood social cohesion and odds of falls using mixed-effect logistic regression models (robust variance estimation), n = 9259.
| Characteristics | Any Fall | Multiple Falls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR | aOR 1 | aOR 2 | cOR | aOR 1 | aOR 2 | |
| Neighborhood social cohesion | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) |
| Time (HRS wave) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Years of education | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | ||
| Wealth (log-transformed) | 0.65 (0.49–0.86) | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) | ||
| Age group | ||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 70–74 | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 1.28 (1.07–1.54) | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | ||
| 75–79 | 1.64 (1.42–1.90) | 1.44 (1.25–1.67) | 1.77 (1.44–2.17) | 1.45 (1.19–1.77) | ||
| 80–84 | 1.76 (1.48–2.10) | 1.51 (1.27–1.79) | 1.81 (1.43–2.30) | 1.42 (1.12–1.80) | ||
| 85 and older | 2.40 (1.95–2.95) | 1.84 (1.49–2.27) | 2.81 (2.12–3.72) | 1.96 (1.46–2.62) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not married | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0.99 (0.78–1.24) | ||
| Widowed | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | 0.52 (0.44–0.62) | 0.52 (0.41–0.66) | 0.44 (0.34–0.56) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) | 0.75 (0.58–0.95) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | ||
| Other | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 0.71 (0.47–1.06) | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | ||
| Health-related covariates | ||||||
| Co-occurring conditions | 1.25 (1.20–1.31) | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | ||||
| Physical activity level | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | ||||
| Dizziness | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.39–1.91) | 2.00 (1.62–2.46) | ||||
| ADL difficulty | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.56 (1.44–1.69) | 1.79 (1.61–1.98) | ||||
Abbreviations: cOR = crude odds ratios; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; ADL = Activities of Daily Living. Notes: 1 Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics; 2 Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and physical/functional health characteristics.